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[主观题]

【A1】A.THE INTRODUCTION OF PREDATORS. B.PREVENTING THE KIWI DECLINE. C.REASONS FOR CONCER

【A1】

A.THE INTRODUCTION OF PREDATORS.

B.PREVENTING THE KIWI DECLIN

E.

C.REASONS FOR CONCER

N.

D.EXPLANATION FOR LARGER BIRD POPULATIONS.

E.LAND OF THE KIW

I. KIWIS ARE FLIGHTLESS BIRDS ENDEMIC TO NEW ZEALAND, AND BY FAR THE SMALLEST LIVING RAT-ITES AND LAY THE LARGEST EGG IN RELATION TO THEIR BODY SIZE OF ANY SPECIES OF BIRD IN THE WORL

D. 【A1】______ THE KIWI IS SYNONYMOUS WITH NEW ZEALAND, SO MUCH SO THAT AUSTRALIANS ENDEARINGLY REFER TO NEW ZEALANDERS AS "KIWI" —PEOPLE FROM THE LAND OF THE KIW

I.THIS UNIQUE BIRD, RECOGNIZABLE BY ITS SHORT SQUAT BODY AND ELONGATED BEAK, IS UNDER THREAT.ITS SMALL, CLAWLIKE WINGS RENDER THE KIWI FLIGHTLESS; IT MUST OF NECESSITY LIVE ON THE GROUN

D.THE KIWI IS THUS EASY PREY TO MARAUDING ENEMIES SUCH AS HUMANS AND MAMMALS. 【A2】______ WHEN THE GREAT LAND MASS OF THE SOUTH SPLIT 75 MILLION YEARS AGO, THE KIWI AND MANY OTHER GROUND-LIVING BIRD SPECIES BECAME SEPARATED FROM PREDATORY MAMMALS WITHIN WHAT WAS LATER TO BECOME KNOW AS NEW ZEALAN

D.THE BIRDS WERE ABLE TO MULTIPLY AND FLOURISH BECAUSE THERE WERE VERY FEW MAMMALS LANDLOCKED WITHIN THE ISLANDS.KIWIS HAVE EVOLVED CERTAIN MAMMALIAN CHARACTERISTICS OVER TIME, LIVING ON THE GROUND AND FREE AS THEY WERE FROM ATTACK BY MAMMALS. 【A3】______ HOWEVER, WHEN THE POLYNESIANS ARRIVED ABOUT 1,000 YEARS AGO BRINGING WITH THEM DOGS AND RATS, THE KIWI POPULATION AND OTHER VULNERABLE BIRD SPECIES SOON SUFFERED A SEVERE REDUCTION IN NUMBERS.THE COMING OF THE EUROPEANS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BROUGHT EVEN MORE DETERMINED PREDATORS, INCLUDING THE CAT AND, ESPECIALLY, THE STOAT —A KIND OF WEASEL INTRODUCED TO CONTROL RABBITS.THE STOAT IS A VERY VICIOUS AND EFFICIENT KILLER OF KIWIS. 【A4】______ THERE ARE SIX TYPES OF KIWIS, AND ALL SIX ARE THREATENE

D.TWO ARE "CRITICALLY ENDANGERED" BECAUSE THEY HAVE POPULATIONS OF LESS THAN 250 MATURE BIRDS.TWO ARE "ENDANGERED" MEANING THAT IT IS ESTIMATED THAT WITHIN THREE GENERATIONS THEIR NUMBERS WILL HAVE DECLINED BY 50%.THE OTHER TWO ARE DESIGNATED "VULNERABLE" —ONE BECAUSE ITS HABITAT IS SHRINKING, THE OTHER BECAUSE IT IS POTENTIALLY UNDER THREAT FROM STOATS AND OTHER MAMMALS. 【A5】______ 100 YEARS AGO THERE WERE MORE THAN 5 MILLION NORTH ISLAND BROWN KIWIS.TODAY, THERE ARE PROBABLY AROUND 30,000 AND THE POPULATION IS DECREASING AT A RATE OF 6% A YEAR. ONLY THE LITTLE SPOTTED KIWI IS INCREASING BECAUSE OF SUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS TO TRANSFER THE CREATURE TO PREDATOR-FREE OFFSHORE ISLANDS.THERE ARE FURTHER REASONS FOR HOP

E.TRAPPING PREDATORS AND REARING BABY CHICKS FOR LATER RELEASE INTO THE WILD CAN HAVE A DRAMATIC EFFECT ON KIWINUMBERS; BUT IT WILL BE NECESSARY TO DO SO ON A LARGE SCAL

E. IT WOULD BE TRAGIC IF NEW ZEALAND WERE TO LOSE ITS NATIONAL SYMBOL, THE KIW

I.SURELY THE STRANGEST BIRD IN EXISTENCE, UNABLE TO FLY, IT SNIFFS OUT ITS FOOD WITH A REMARKABLY STRONG SENSE OF SMELL.ITS LEGS ARE POWERFUL AND MUSCULAR, FOR THE KIWI IS A BURROWER LIVING IN DENS—SOME SPECIES EVEN PREFERRING TUNNELS, YET ANOTHER SIMILARITY IT SHARES WITH SOME MAMMALS.BUT IT CANNOT SHARE ITS HABITAT WITH THEM WITHOUT EVENTUALLY LOSING THE BATTLE FOR SURVIVAL.

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发布时间：2019-07-03
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第1题

【A1】A.THE DISASTROUS IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY. B.HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH WORSENS THE PROBLE

【A1】

A.THE DISASTROUS IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY.

B.HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH WORSENS THE PROBLE

M.

C.WHAT IS LAND CONVERSION？

D.PROTECTED AREAS ARE UNDER THREAT.

E.THE LAND-CONVERSION CASCAD

E. BEHIND THE PROJECTIONS OF SPECIES LOSS LURK A NUMBER OF CRUCIAL BUT HARD-TO-PLOT VARIABLES, AMONG WHICH TWO ARE ESPECIALLY WEIGHTY; CONTINUING LANDSCAPE CONVERSION AND THE GROWTH CURVE OF HUMAN POPULATIO

N. 【A1】______ LANDSCAPE CONVERSION CAN MEAN MANY THINGS:DRAINING WETLANDS TO BUILD ROADS AND AIRPORTS, TURNING TALLGRASS (高秆草) PRAIRIES UNDER THE PLOW, FENCING SAVANNA (热带大草原) AND OVERGRAZING IT WITH DOMESTIC STOCK, CUTTING SECOND-GROWTH FOREST VERMONT AND CONSIGNING THE LAND TO SKI RESORTS OR VACATION SUBURBS, SLASH-AND-BURN CLEARING OF MADAGASCAR"S (马达加斯加) RAIN FOREST TO GROW RICE ON WET HILLSIDES, INDUSTRIAL LOGGING IN BORNEO (婆罗洲) TO MEET JAPANESE PLYWOOD DEMANDS. 【A2】______ THE ECOLOGIST JOHN TERBORGH AND A COLLEAGUE CAREL P.VAN SCHAIK, HAVE DESCRIBED A FOUR-STAGE PROCESS OF LANDSCAPE CONVERSION THAT THEY CALL THE LAND-USE CASCAD

E.THE SUCCESSIVE STAGES ARE (1)WILDLANDS, ENCOMPASSING NATIVE FLORAL AND FAUNAL COMMUNITIES ALTERED LITTLE OR NOT AT ALL BY HUMAN IMPACT; (2)EXTENSIVELY USED AREAS, SUCH AS NATURAL GRASSLANDS LIGHTLY GRAZED, SAVANNA KEPT OPEN FOR PREY ANIMALS BY INFREQUENT HUMAN-SET FIRES, OR FORESTS SPARSELY WORKED BY SLASH-AND-BURN FARMERS AT LOW DENSITY; (3)INTENSIVELY USED AREAS, MEANING CROP FIELDS, PLANTATIONS, VILLAGE COMMONS, TRAVEL CORRIDORS, URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL ZONES; AND FINALLY(4)DEGRADED LAND, FORMERLY USEFUL BUT NOW ABUSED BEYOND VALUE TO ANYBODY. 【A3】______ AMONG ALL FORMS OF LANDSCAPE CONVERSION, PUSHING TROPICAL FOREST FROM THE WILDLANDS CATEGORY TO THE INTENSIVELY USED CATEGORY HAS THE GREATEST IMPACT ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY.YOU CAN SEE IT IN THE CENTRAL AMAZON, WHERE BIG TRACTS OF RAIN FOREST HAVE BEEN FELLED AND BURNED, IN A LARGELY FUTILE ATTEMPT TO PASTURE CATTLE ON SUN- HARDENED CLAY.BY THE MIDDLE OF THE NEXT CENTURY, IF TREND CONTINUE, TROPICAL FOREST WILL EXIST VIRTUALLY NOWHERE OUTSIDE OF PROTECTED AREAS—THAT IS, NATIONAL PARKS, WILDLIFE REFUGES, AND OTHER OFFICIAL RESERVES. 【A4】______ HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH WILL MAKE A BAD SITUATION WORSE BY PUTTING EVER MORE PRESSURE ON ALL AVAILABLE LAN

D.THE ANNUAL INCREASE IS NOW 80 MILLION PEOPLE, WITH MOST OF THAT INCREMENT COMING IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.ACCORDING TO THE UN"S MIDDLE ESTIMATE, HUMAN POPULATION WILL RISE FROM THE PRESENT 5.9 BILLION TO 9.4 BILLION BY THE YEAR 2050, THEN TO 10.8 BILLION BY 2150, BEFORE LEVELING OFF THERE AT THE END OF THE TWENTY-SECOND CENTURY.ANYONE INTERESTED IN THE FUTURE OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY NEEDS TO THINK ABOUT THE PRESSURES THESE PEOPLE WILL FACE, AND THE PRESSURES THEY WILL EXERT IN RETUR

N. 【A5】______ THAT DIRECTION, NECESSARILY, WILL BE TOWARD EVER MORE DESPERATE EXPLOITATION OF LANDSCAP

E.EVEN NOAH"S ARK ONLY MANAGES TO RESCUE PAIRED ANIMALS, NOT LARGE PARCELS OF HABITAT.THE JEOPARDY OF THE ECOLOGICAL FRAGMENTS THAT WE PRESENTLY CHERISH AS PARKS, REFUGES, AND RESERVES IS ALREADY SEVERE, DUE TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORCES: INTERNAL, BECAUSE INSULARITY ITSELF LEADS TO ECOLOGICAL UNRAVELING; AND EXTERNAL, BECAUSE THOSE AREAS ARE STILL UNDER SIEGE BY NEEDY AND COVETOUS PEOPL

E.WE SHOULDN"T TAKE COMFORT IN ASSUMING THAT AT LEAST YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK WILL STILL HARBOR BEARS IN THE YEAR 2150, THAT AT LEAST ROYAL CHIT-WAN IN NEPAL WILL STILL HARBOR TIGERS AND GIR IN INDIA WILL STILL HARBOR LIONS.THOSE PREDATOR POPULATIONS, AND OTHER SPECIES DOWN THE CASCADE, ARE LIKELY TO DISAPPEAR."WILDNESS" WILL BE A WORD APPLICABLE ONLY TO URBAN TURMOIL.LIONS, TIGERS, AND BEARS WILL EXIST IN ZOOS.NATURE WON"T COME TO AN END, BUT IT WILL LOOK VERY DIFFERENT.

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第2题

听力原文：Welcome to our Ford Rouge Factory Tour. First, let me give you a brief introducti

听力原文： Welcome to our Ford Rouge Factory Tour.

First, let me give you a brief introduction of Ford. Ford Motor manufactures and distributes automobiles in 200 markets across six continents. With about 300，000 employees and 108 plants worldwide, the company has core and affiliated automotive brands including Aston Martin, Ford, Jaguar, Land Rover, Lincoln, Mazda, Mercury and Volvo.

The Ford Rouge Factory is located in the south of Detroit at the meeting of the Rouge and Detroit Rivers.

The original Rouge complex is a mile and a half wide and more than a mile long. The multiplex of 93 buildings totals 15，767，708 square feet of floor area．Buildings include plants for tire-making, stamping, engine casting, frame. and assembly. A massive power plant produces enough electricity to light a city the size of nearby Detroit, and a soybean conversion plant turns soybean into plastic auto parts.

Our factory tour has three parts: First, you will take the Historic Driving Tour. Buses will transport you for a narrated tour past famous landmarks and behind the scenes of this massive manufacturing complex. It will take approximately 20 to 30 minutes.

The second is the Rare Historic Footage Viewing. Here you will see a short film of rare, never-before-historic footage. You will learn about the triumphs and tragedies surrounding the Rouge. It takes 13minutes.

Third is the Virtual Reality Experience. A virtual reality theater will provide you with a 360-degree look at how automobiles are made! The approximate time for this is 15 minutes.

听力原文：Welcome to our Ford Rouge Factory Tour. First

(1)

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第3题

【A3】A.THE INTRODUCTION OF PREDATORS. B.PREVENTING THE KIWI DECLINE. C.REASONS FOR CONCER

【A3】

A.THE INTRODUCTION OF PREDATORS.

B.PREVENTING THE KIWI DECLIN

E.

C.REASONS FOR CONCER

N.

D.EXPLANATION FOR LARGER BIRD POPULATIONS.

E.LAND OF THE KIW

I. KIWIS ARE FLIGHTLESS BIRDS ENDEMIC TO NEW ZEALAND, AND BY FAR THE SMALLEST LIVING RAT-ITES AND LAY THE LARGEST EGG IN RELATION TO THEIR BODY SIZE OF ANY SPECIES OF BIRD IN THE WORL

D. 【A1】______ THE KIWI IS SYNONYMOUS WITH NEW ZEALAND, SO MUCH SO THAT AUSTRALIANS ENDEARINGLY REFER TO NEW ZEALANDERS AS "KIWI" —PEOPLE FROM THE LAND OF THE KIW

I.THIS UNIQUE BIRD, RECOGNIZABLE BY ITS SHORT SQUAT BODY AND ELONGATED BEAK, IS UNDER THREAT.ITS SMALL, CLAWLIKE WINGS RENDER THE KIWI FLIGHTLESS; IT MUST OF NECESSITY LIVE ON THE GROUN

D.THE KIWI IS THUS EASY PREY TO MARAUDING ENEMIES SUCH AS HUMANS AND MAMMALS. 【A2】______ WHEN THE GREAT LAND MASS OF THE SOUTH SPLIT 75 MILLION YEARS AGO, THE KIWI AND MANY OTHER GROUND-LIVING BIRD SPECIES BECAME SEPARATED FROM PREDATORY MAMMALS WITHIN WHAT WAS LATER TO BECOME KNOW AS NEW ZEALAN

D.THE BIRDS WERE ABLE TO MULTIPLY AND FLOURISH BECAUSE THERE WERE VERY FEW MAMMALS LANDLOCKED WITHIN THE ISLANDS.KIWIS HAVE EVOLVED CERTAIN MAMMALIAN CHARACTERISTICS OVER TIME, LIVING ON THE GROUND AND FREE AS THEY WERE FROM ATTACK BY MAMMALS. 【A3】______ HOWEVER, WHEN THE POLYNESIANS ARRIVED ABOUT 1,000 YEARS AGO BRINGING WITH THEM DOGS AND RATS, THE KIWI POPULATION AND OTHER VULNERABLE BIRD SPECIES SOON SUFFERED A SEVERE REDUCTION IN NUMBERS.THE COMING OF THE EUROPEANS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BROUGHT EVEN MORE DETERMINED PREDATORS, INCLUDING THE CAT AND, ESPECIALLY, THE STOAT —A KIND OF WEASEL INTRODUCED TO CONTROL RABBITS.THE STOAT IS A VERY VICIOUS AND EFFICIENT KILLER OF KIWIS. 【A4】______ THERE ARE SIX TYPES OF KIWIS, AND ALL SIX ARE THREATENE

D.TWO ARE "CRITICALLY ENDANGERED" BECAUSE THEY HAVE POPULATIONS OF LESS THAN 250 MATURE BIRDS.TWO ARE "ENDANGERED" MEANING THAT IT IS ESTIMATED THAT WITHIN THREE GENERATIONS THEIR NUMBERS WILL HAVE DECLINED BY 50%.THE OTHER TWO ARE DESIGNATED "VULNERABLE" —ONE BECAUSE ITS HABITAT IS SHRINKING, THE OTHER BECAUSE IT IS POTENTIALLY UNDER THREAT FROM STOATS AND OTHER MAMMALS. 【A5】______ 100 YEARS AGO THERE WERE MORE THAN 5 MILLION NORTH ISLAND BROWN KIWIS.TODAY, THERE ARE PROBABLY AROUND 30,000 AND THE POPULATION IS DECREASING AT A RATE OF 6% A YEAR. ONLY THE LITTLE SPOTTED KIWI IS INCREASING BECAUSE OF SUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS TO TRANSFER THE CREATURE TO PREDATOR-FREE OFFSHORE ISLANDS.THERE ARE FURTHER REASONS FOR HOP

E.TRAPPING PREDATORS AND REARING BABY CHICKS FOR LATER RELEASE INTO THE WILD CAN HAVE A DRAMATIC EFFECT ON KIWINUMBERS; BUT IT WILL BE NECESSARY TO DO SO ON A LARGE SCAL

E. IT WOULD BE TRAGIC IF NEW ZEALAND WERE TO LOSE ITS NATIONAL SYMBOL, THE KIW

I.SURELY THE STRANGEST BIRD IN EXISTENCE, UNABLE TO FLY, IT SNIFFS OUT ITS FOOD WITH A REMARKABLY STRONG SENSE OF SMELL.ITS LEGS ARE POWERFUL AND MUSCULAR, FOR THE KIWI IS A BURROWER LIVING IN DENS—SOME SPECIES EVEN PREFERRING TUNNELS, YET ANOTHER SIMILARITY IT SHARES WITH SOME MAMMALS.BUT IT CANNOT SHARE ITS HABITAT WITH THEM WITHOUT EVENTUALLY LOSING THE BATTLE FOR SURVIVAL.

点击查看答案

第4题

【A2】A.THE INTRODUCTION OF PREDATORS. B.PREVENTING THE KIWI DECLINE. C.REASONS FOR CONCER

【A2】

A.THE INTRODUCTION OF PREDATORS.

B.PREVENTING THE KIWI DECLIN

E.

C.REASONS FOR CONCER

N.

D.EXPLANATION FOR LARGER BIRD POPULATIONS.

E.LAND OF THE KIW

I. KIWIS ARE FLIGHTLESS BIRDS ENDEMIC TO NEW ZEALAND, AND BY FAR THE SMALLEST LIVING RAT-ITES AND LAY THE LARGEST EGG IN RELATION TO THEIR BODY SIZE OF ANY SPECIES OF BIRD IN THE WORL

D. 【A1】______ THE KIWI IS SYNONYMOUS WITH NEW ZEALAND, SO MUCH SO THAT AUSTRALIANS ENDEARINGLY REFER TO NEW ZEALANDERS AS "KIWI" —PEOPLE FROM THE LAND OF THE KIW

I.THIS UNIQUE BIRD, RECOGNIZABLE BY ITS SHORT SQUAT BODY AND ELONGATED BEAK, IS UNDER THREAT.ITS SMALL, CLAWLIKE WINGS RENDER THE KIWI FLIGHTLESS; IT MUST OF NECESSITY LIVE ON THE GROUN

D.THE KIWI IS THUS EASY PREY TO MARAUDING ENEMIES SUCH AS HUMANS AND MAMMALS. 【A2】______ WHEN THE GREAT LAND MASS OF THE SOUTH SPLIT 75 MILLION YEARS AGO, THE KIWI AND MANY OTHER GROUND-LIVING BIRD SPECIES BECAME SEPARATED FROM PREDATORY MAMMALS WITHIN WHAT WAS LATER TO BECOME KNOW AS NEW ZEALAN

D.THE BIRDS WERE ABLE TO MULTIPLY AND FLOURISH BECAUSE THERE WERE VERY FEW MAMMALS LANDLOCKED WITHIN THE ISLANDS.KIWIS HAVE EVOLVED CERTAIN MAMMALIAN CHARACTERISTICS OVER TIME, LIVING ON THE GROUND AND FREE AS THEY WERE FROM ATTACK BY MAMMALS. 【A3】______ HOWEVER, WHEN THE POLYNESIANS ARRIVED ABOUT 1,000 YEARS AGO BRINGING WITH THEM DOGS AND RATS, THE KIWI POPULATION AND OTHER VULNERABLE BIRD SPECIES SOON SUFFERED A SEVERE REDUCTION IN NUMBERS.THE COMING OF THE EUROPEANS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BROUGHT EVEN MORE DETERMINED PREDATORS, INCLUDING THE CAT AND, ESPECIALLY, THE STOAT —A KIND OF WEASEL INTRODUCED TO CONTROL RABBITS.THE STOAT IS A VERY VICIOUS AND EFFICIENT KILLER OF KIWIS. 【A4】______ THERE ARE SIX TYPES OF KIWIS, AND ALL SIX ARE THREATENE

D.TWO ARE "CRITICALLY ENDANGERED" BECAUSE THEY HAVE POPULATIONS OF LESS THAN 250 MATURE BIRDS.TWO ARE "ENDANGERED" MEANING THAT IT IS ESTIMATED THAT WITHIN THREE GENERATIONS THEIR NUMBERS WILL HAVE DECLINED BY 50%.THE OTHER TWO ARE DESIGNATED "VULNERABLE" —ONE BECAUSE ITS HABITAT IS SHRINKING, THE OTHER BECAUSE IT IS POTENTIALLY UNDER THREAT FROM STOATS AND OTHER MAMMALS. 【A5】______ 100 YEARS AGO THERE WERE MORE THAN 5 MILLION NORTH ISLAND BROWN KIWIS.TODAY, THERE ARE PROBABLY AROUND 30,000 AND THE POPULATION IS DECREASING AT A RATE OF 6% A YEAR. ONLY THE LITTLE SPOTTED KIWI IS INCREASING BECAUSE OF SUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS TO TRANSFER THE CREATURE TO PREDATOR-FREE OFFSHORE ISLANDS.THERE ARE FURTHER REASONS FOR HOP

E.TRAPPING PREDATORS AND REARING BABY CHICKS FOR LATER RELEASE INTO THE WILD CAN HAVE A DRAMATIC EFFECT ON KIWINUMBERS; BUT IT WILL BE NECESSARY TO DO SO ON A LARGE SCAL

E. IT WOULD BE TRAGIC IF NEW ZEALAND WERE TO LOSE ITS NATIONAL SYMBOL, THE KIW

I.SURELY THE STRANGEST BIRD IN EXISTENCE, UNABLE TO FLY, IT SNIFFS OUT ITS FOOD WITH A REMARKABLY STRONG SENSE OF SMELL.ITS LEGS ARE POWERFUL AND MUSCULAR, FOR THE KIWI IS A BURROWER LIVING IN DENS—SOME SPECIES EVEN PREFERRING TUNNELS, YET ANOTHER SIMILARITY IT SHARES WITH SOME MAMMALS.BUT IT CANNOT SHARE ITS HABITAT WITH THEM WITHOUT EVENTUALLY LOSING THE BATTLE FOR SURVIVAL.

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第5题

【A4】A.THE INTRODUCTION OF PREDATORS. B.PREVENTING THE KIWI DECLINE. C.REASONS FOR CONCER

【A4】

A.THE INTRODUCTION OF PREDATORS.

B.PREVENTING THE KIWI DECLIN

E.

C.REASONS FOR CONCER

N.

D.EXPLANATION FOR LARGER BIRD POPULATIONS.

E.LAND OF THE KIW

I. KIWIS ARE FLIGHTLESS BIRDS ENDEMIC TO NEW ZEALAND, AND BY FAR THE SMALLEST LIVING RAT-ITES AND LAY THE LARGEST EGG IN RELATION TO THEIR BODY SIZE OF ANY SPECIES OF BIRD IN THE WORL

D. 【A1】______ THE KIWI IS SYNONYMOUS WITH NEW ZEALAND, SO MUCH SO THAT AUSTRALIANS ENDEARINGLY REFER TO NEW ZEALANDERS AS "KIWI" —PEOPLE FROM THE LAND OF THE KIW

I.THIS UNIQUE BIRD, RECOGNIZABLE BY ITS SHORT SQUAT BODY AND ELONGATED BEAK, IS UNDER THREAT.ITS SMALL, CLAWLIKE WINGS RENDER THE KIWI FLIGHTLESS; IT MUST OF NECESSITY LIVE ON THE GROUN

D.THE KIWI IS THUS EASY PREY TO MARAUDING ENEMIES SUCH AS HUMANS AND MAMMALS. 【A2】______ WHEN THE GREAT LAND MASS OF THE SOUTH SPLIT 75 MILLION YEARS AGO, THE KIWI AND MANY OTHER GROUND-LIVING BIRD SPECIES BECAME SEPARATED FROM PREDATORY MAMMALS WITHIN WHAT WAS LATER TO BECOME KNOW AS NEW ZEALAN

D.THE BIRDS WERE ABLE TO MULTIPLY AND FLOURISH BECAUSE THERE WERE VERY FEW MAMMALS LANDLOCKED WITHIN THE ISLANDS.KIWIS HAVE EVOLVED CERTAIN MAMMALIAN CHARACTERISTICS OVER TIME, LIVING ON THE GROUND AND FREE AS THEY WERE FROM ATTACK BY MAMMALS. 【A3】______ HOWEVER, WHEN THE POLYNESIANS ARRIVED ABOUT 1,000 YEARS AGO BRINGING WITH THEM DOGS AND RATS, THE KIWI POPULATION AND OTHER VULNERABLE BIRD SPECIES SOON SUFFERED A SEVERE REDUCTION IN NUMBERS.THE COMING OF THE EUROPEANS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BROUGHT EVEN MORE DETERMINED PREDATORS, INCLUDING THE CAT AND, ESPECIALLY, THE STOAT —A KIND OF WEASEL INTRODUCED TO CONTROL RABBITS.THE STOAT IS A VERY VICIOUS AND EFFICIENT KILLER OF KIWIS. 【A4】______ THERE ARE SIX TYPES OF KIWIS, AND ALL SIX ARE THREATENE

D.TWO ARE "CRITICALLY ENDANGERED" BECAUSE THEY HAVE POPULATIONS OF LESS THAN 250 MATURE BIRDS.TWO ARE "ENDANGERED" MEANING THAT IT IS ESTIMATED THAT WITHIN THREE GENERATIONS THEIR NUMBERS WILL HAVE DECLINED BY 50%.THE OTHER TWO ARE DESIGNATED "VULNERABLE" —ONE BECAUSE ITS HABITAT IS SHRINKING, THE OTHER BECAUSE IT IS POTENTIALLY UNDER THREAT FROM STOATS AND OTHER MAMMALS. 【A5】______ 100 YEARS AGO THERE WERE MORE THAN 5 MILLION NORTH ISLAND BROWN KIWIS.TODAY, THERE ARE PROBABLY AROUND 30,000 AND THE POPULATION IS DECREASING AT A RATE OF 6% A YEAR. ONLY THE LITTLE SPOTTED KIWI IS INCREASING BECAUSE OF SUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS TO TRANSFER THE CREATURE TO PREDATOR-FREE OFFSHORE ISLANDS.THERE ARE FURTHER REASONS FOR HOP

E.TRAPPING PREDATORS AND REARING BABY CHICKS FOR LATER RELEASE INTO THE WILD CAN HAVE A DRAMATIC EFFECT ON KIWINUMBERS; BUT IT WILL BE NECESSARY TO DO SO ON A LARGE SCAL

E. IT WOULD BE TRAGIC IF NEW ZEALAND WERE TO LOSE ITS NATIONAL SYMBOL, THE KIW

I.SURELY THE STRANGEST BIRD IN EXISTENCE, UNABLE TO FLY, IT SNIFFS OUT ITS FOOD WITH A REMARKABLY STRONG SENSE OF SMELL.ITS LEGS ARE POWERFUL AND MUSCULAR, FOR THE KIWI IS A BURROWER LIVING IN DENS—SOME SPECIES EVEN PREFERRING TUNNELS, YET ANOTHER SIMILARITY IT SHARES WITH SOME MAMMALS.BUT IT CANNOT SHARE ITS HABITAT WITH THEM WITHOUT EVENTUALLY LOSING THE BATTLE FOR SURVIVAL.

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第6题

【A2】A.THE DISASTROUS IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY. B.HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH WORSENS THE PROBLE

【A2】

A.THE DISASTROUS IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY.

B.HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH WORSENS THE PROBLE

M.

C.WHAT IS LAND CONVERSION？

D.PROTECTED AREAS ARE UNDER THREAT.

E.THE LAND-CONVERSION CASCAD

E. BEHIND THE PROJECTIONS OF SPECIES LOSS LURK A NUMBER OF CRUCIAL BUT HARD-TO-PLOT VARIABLES, AMONG WHICH TWO ARE ESPECIALLY WEIGHTY; CONTINUING LANDSCAPE CONVERSION AND THE GROWTH CURVE OF HUMAN POPULATIO

N. 【A1】______ LANDSCAPE CONVERSION CAN MEAN MANY THINGS:DRAINING WETLANDS TO BUILD ROADS AND AIRPORTS, TURNING TALLGRASS (高秆草) PRAIRIES UNDER THE PLOW, FENCING SAVANNA (热带大草原) AND OVERGRAZING IT WITH DOMESTIC STOCK, CUTTING SECOND-GROWTH FOREST VERMONT AND CONSIGNING THE LAND TO SKI RESORTS OR VACATION SUBURBS, SLASH-AND-BURN CLEARING OF MADAGASCAR"S (马达加斯加) RAIN FOREST TO GROW RICE ON WET HILLSIDES, INDUSTRIAL LOGGING IN BORNEO (婆罗洲) TO MEET JAPANESE PLYWOOD DEMANDS. 【A2】______ THE ECOLOGIST JOHN TERBORGH AND A COLLEAGUE CAREL P.VAN SCHAIK, HAVE DESCRIBED A FOUR-STAGE PROCESS OF LANDSCAPE CONVERSION THAT THEY CALL THE LAND-USE CASCAD

E.THE SUCCESSIVE STAGES ARE (1)WILDLANDS, ENCOMPASSING NATIVE FLORAL AND FAUNAL COMMUNITIES ALTERED LITTLE OR NOT AT ALL BY HUMAN IMPACT; (2)EXTENSIVELY USED AREAS, SUCH AS NATURAL GRASSLANDS LIGHTLY GRAZED, SAVANNA KEPT OPEN FOR PREY ANIMALS BY INFREQUENT HUMAN-SET FIRES, OR FORESTS SPARSELY WORKED BY SLASH-AND-BURN FARMERS AT LOW DENSITY; (3)INTENSIVELY USED AREAS, MEANING CROP FIELDS, PLANTATIONS, VILLAGE COMMONS, TRAVEL CORRIDORS, URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL ZONES; AND FINALLY(4)DEGRADED LAND, FORMERLY USEFUL BUT NOW ABUSED BEYOND VALUE TO ANYBODY. 【A3】______ AMONG ALL FORMS OF LANDSCAPE CONVERSION, PUSHING TROPICAL FOREST FROM THE WILDLANDS CATEGORY TO THE INTENSIVELY USED CATEGORY HAS THE GREATEST IMPACT ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY.YOU CAN SEE IT IN THE CENTRAL AMAZON, WHERE BIG TRACTS OF RAIN FOREST HAVE BEEN FELLED AND BURNED, IN A LARGELY FUTILE ATTEMPT TO PASTURE CATTLE ON SUN- HARDENED CLAY.BY THE MIDDLE OF THE NEXT CENTURY, IF TREND CONTINUE, TROPICAL FOREST WILL EXIST VIRTUALLY NOWHERE OUTSIDE OF PROTECTED AREAS—THAT IS, NATIONAL PARKS, WILDLIFE REFUGES, AND OTHER OFFICIAL RESERVES. 【A4】______ HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH WILL MAKE A BAD SITUATION WORSE BY PUTTING EVER MORE PRESSURE ON ALL AVAILABLE LAN

D.THE ANNUAL INCREASE IS NOW 80 MILLION PEOPLE, WITH MOST OF THAT INCREMENT COMING IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.ACCORDING TO THE UN"S MIDDLE ESTIMATE, HUMAN POPULATION WILL RISE FROM THE PRESENT 5.9 BILLION TO 9.4 BILLION BY THE YEAR 2050, THEN TO 10.8 BILLION BY 2150, BEFORE LEVELING OFF THERE AT THE END OF THE TWENTY-SECOND CENTURY.ANYONE INTERESTED IN THE FUTURE OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY NEEDS TO THINK ABOUT THE PRESSURES THESE PEOPLE WILL FACE, AND THE PRESSURES THEY WILL EXERT IN RETUR

N. 【A5】______ THAT DIRECTION, NECESSARILY, WILL BE TOWARD EVER MORE DESPERATE EXPLOITATION OF LANDSCAP

E.EVEN NOAH"S ARK ONLY MANAGES TO RESCUE PAIRED ANIMALS, NOT LARGE PARCELS OF HABITAT.THE JEOPARDY OF THE ECOLOGICAL FRAGMENTS THAT WE PRESENTLY CHERISH AS PARKS, REFUGES, AND RESERVES IS ALREADY SEVERE, DUE TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORCES: INTERNAL, BECAUSE INSULARITY ITSELF LEADS TO ECOLOGICAL UNRAVELING; AND EXTERNAL, BECAUSE THOSE AREAS ARE STILL UNDER SIEGE BY NEEDY AND COVETOUS PEOPL

E.WE SHOULDN"T TAKE COMFORT IN ASSUMING THAT AT LEAST YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK WILL STILL HARBOR BEARS IN THE YEAR 2150, THAT AT LEAST ROYAL CHIT-WAN IN NEPAL WILL STILL HARBOR TIGERS AND GIR IN INDIA WILL STILL HARBOR LIONS.THOSE PREDATOR POPULATIONS, AND OTHER SPECIES DOWN THE CASCADE, ARE LIKELY TO DISAPPEAR."WILDNESS" WILL BE A WORD APPLICABLE ONLY TO URBAN TURMOIL.LIONS, TIGERS, AND BEARS WILL EXIST IN ZOOS.NATURE WON"T COME TO AN END, BUT IT WILL LOOK VERY DIFFERENT.

点击查看答案

第7题

【A5】A.THE DISASTROUS IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY. B.HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH WORSENS THE PROBLE

【A5】

A.THE DISASTROUS IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY.

B.HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH WORSENS THE PROBLE

M.

C.WHAT IS LAND CONVERSION？

D.PROTECTED AREAS ARE UNDER THREAT.

E.THE LAND-CONVERSION CASCAD

E. BEHIND THE PROJECTIONS OF SPECIES LOSS LURK A NUMBER OF CRUCIAL BUT HARD-TO-PLOT VARIABLES, AMONG WHICH TWO ARE ESPECIALLY WEIGHTY; CONTINUING LANDSCAPE CONVERSION AND THE GROWTH CURVE OF HUMAN POPULATIO

N. 【A1】______ LANDSCAPE CONVERSION CAN MEAN MANY THINGS:DRAINING WETLANDS TO BUILD ROADS AND AIRPORTS, TURNING TALLGRASS (高秆草) PRAIRIES UNDER THE PLOW, FENCING SAVANNA (热带大草原) AND OVERGRAZING IT WITH DOMESTIC STOCK, CUTTING SECOND-GROWTH FOREST VERMONT AND CONSIGNING THE LAND TO SKI RESORTS OR VACATION SUBURBS, SLASH-AND-BURN CLEARING OF MADAGASCAR"S (马达加斯加) RAIN FOREST TO GROW RICE ON WET HILLSIDES, INDUSTRIAL LOGGING IN BORNEO (婆罗洲) TO MEET JAPANESE PLYWOOD DEMANDS. 【A2】______ THE ECOLOGIST JOHN TERBORGH AND A COLLEAGUE CAREL P.VAN SCHAIK, HAVE DESCRIBED A FOUR-STAGE PROCESS OF LANDSCAPE CONVERSION THAT THEY CALL THE LAND-USE CASCAD

E.THE SUCCESSIVE STAGES ARE (1)WILDLANDS, ENCOMPASSING NATIVE FLORAL AND FAUNAL COMMUNITIES ALTERED LITTLE OR NOT AT ALL BY HUMAN IMPACT; (2)EXTENSIVELY USED AREAS, SUCH AS NATURAL GRASSLANDS LIGHTLY GRAZED, SAVANNA KEPT OPEN FOR PREY ANIMALS BY INFREQUENT HUMAN-SET FIRES, OR FORESTS SPARSELY WORKED BY SLASH-AND-BURN FARMERS AT LOW DENSITY; (3)INTENSIVELY USED AREAS, MEANING CROP FIELDS, PLANTATIONS, VILLAGE COMMONS, TRAVEL CORRIDORS, URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL ZONES; AND FINALLY(4)DEGRADED LAND, FORMERLY USEFUL BUT NOW ABUSED BEYOND VALUE TO ANYBODY. 【A3】______ AMONG ALL FORMS OF LANDSCAPE CONVERSION, PUSHING TROPICAL FOREST FROM THE WILDLANDS CATEGORY TO THE INTENSIVELY USED CATEGORY HAS THE GREATEST IMPACT ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY.YOU CAN SEE IT IN THE CENTRAL AMAZON, WHERE BIG TRACTS OF RAIN FOREST HAVE BEEN FELLED AND BURNED, IN A LARGELY FUTILE ATTEMPT TO PASTURE CATTLE ON SUN- HARDENED CLAY.BY THE MIDDLE OF THE NEXT CENTURY, IF TREND CONTINUE, TROPICAL FOREST WILL EXIST VIRTUALLY NOWHERE OUTSIDE OF PROTECTED AREAS—THAT IS, NATIONAL PARKS, WILDLIFE REFUGES, AND OTHER OFFICIAL RESERVES. 【A4】______ HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH WILL MAKE A BAD SITUATION WORSE BY PUTTING EVER MORE PRESSURE ON ALL AVAILABLE LAN

D.THE ANNUAL INCREASE IS NOW 80 MILLION PEOPLE, WITH MOST OF THAT INCREMENT COMING IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.ACCORDING TO THE UN"S MIDDLE ESTIMATE, HUMAN POPULATION WILL RISE FROM THE PRESENT 5.9 BILLION TO 9.4 BILLION BY THE YEAR 2050, THEN TO 10.8 BILLION BY 2150, BEFORE LEVELING OFF THERE AT THE END OF THE TWENTY-SECOND CENTURY.ANYONE INTERESTED IN THE FUTURE OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY NEEDS TO THINK ABOUT THE PRESSURES THESE PEOPLE WILL FACE, AND THE PRESSURES THEY WILL EXERT IN RETUR

N. 【A5】______ THAT DIRECTION, NECESSARILY, WILL BE TOWARD EVER MORE DESPERATE EXPLOITATION OF LANDSCAP

E.EVEN NOAH"S ARK ONLY MANAGES TO RESCUE PAIRED ANIMALS, NOT LARGE PARCELS OF HABITAT.THE JEOPARDY OF THE ECOLOGICAL FRAGMENTS THAT WE PRESENTLY CHERISH AS PARKS, REFUGES, AND RESERVES IS ALREADY SEVERE, DUE TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORCES: INTERNAL, BECAUSE INSULARITY ITSELF LEADS TO ECOLOGICAL UNRAVELING; AND EXTERNAL, BECAUSE THOSE AREAS ARE STILL UNDER SIEGE BY NEEDY AND COVETOUS PEOPL

E.WE SHOULDN"T TAKE COMFORT IN ASSUMING THAT AT LEAST YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK WILL STILL HARBOR BEARS IN THE YEAR 2150, THAT AT LEAST ROYAL CHIT-WAN IN NEPAL WILL STILL HARBOR TIGERS AND GIR IN INDIA WILL STILL HARBOR LIONS.THOSE PREDATOR POPULATIONS, AND OTHER SPECIES DOWN THE CASCADE, ARE LIKELY TO DISAPPEAR."WILDNESS" WILL BE A WORD APPLICABLE ONLY TO URBAN TURMOIL.LIONS, TIGERS, AND BEARS WILL EXIST IN ZOOS.NATURE WON"T COME TO AN END, BUT IT WILL LOOK VERY DIFFERENT.

点击查看答案

第8题

【A3】A.THE DISASTROUS IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY. B.HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH WORSENS THE PROBLE

【A3】

A.THE DISASTROUS IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY.

B.HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH WORSENS THE PROBLE

M.

C.WHAT IS LAND CONVERSION？

D.PROTECTED AREAS ARE UNDER THREAT.

E.THE LAND-CONVERSION CASCAD

E. BEHIND THE PROJECTIONS OF SPECIES LOSS LURK A NUMBER OF CRUCIAL BUT HARD-TO-PLOT VARIABLES, AMONG WHICH TWO ARE ESPECIALLY WEIGHTY; CONTINUING LANDSCAPE CONVERSION AND THE GROWTH CURVE OF HUMAN POPULATIO

N. 【A1】______ LANDSCAPE CONVERSION CAN MEAN MANY THINGS:DRAINING WETLANDS TO BUILD ROADS AND AIRPORTS, TURNING TALLGRASS (高秆草) PRAIRIES UNDER THE PLOW, FENCING SAVANNA (热带大草原) AND OVERGRAZING IT WITH DOMESTIC STOCK, CUTTING SECOND-GROWTH FOREST VERMONT AND CONSIGNING THE LAND TO SKI RESORTS OR VACATION SUBURBS, SLASH-AND-BURN CLEARING OF MADAGASCAR"S (马达加斯加) RAIN FOREST TO GROW RICE ON WET HILLSIDES, INDUSTRIAL LOGGING IN BORNEO (婆罗洲) TO MEET JAPANESE PLYWOOD DEMANDS. 【A2】______ THE ECOLOGIST JOHN TERBORGH AND A COLLEAGUE CAREL P.VAN SCHAIK, HAVE DESCRIBED A FOUR-STAGE PROCESS OF LANDSCAPE CONVERSION THAT THEY CALL THE LAND-USE CASCAD

E.THE SUCCESSIVE STAGES ARE (1)WILDLANDS, ENCOMPASSING NATIVE FLORAL AND FAUNAL COMMUNITIES ALTERED LITTLE OR NOT AT ALL BY HUMAN IMPACT; (2)EXTENSIVELY USED AREAS, SUCH AS NATURAL GRASSLANDS LIGHTLY GRAZED, SAVANNA KEPT OPEN FOR PREY ANIMALS BY INFREQUENT HUMAN-SET FIRES, OR FORESTS SPARSELY WORKED BY SLASH-AND-BURN FARMERS AT LOW DENSITY; (3)INTENSIVELY USED AREAS, MEANING CROP FIELDS, PLANTATIONS, VILLAGE COMMONS, TRAVEL CORRIDORS, URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL ZONES; AND FINALLY(4)DEGRADED LAND, FORMERLY USEFUL BUT NOW ABUSED BEYOND VALUE TO ANYBODY. 【A3】______ AMONG ALL FORMS OF LANDSCAPE CONVERSION, PUSHING TROPICAL FOREST FROM THE WILDLANDS CATEGORY TO THE INTENSIVELY USED CATEGORY HAS THE GREATEST IMPACT ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY.YOU CAN SEE IT IN THE CENTRAL AMAZON, WHERE BIG TRACTS OF RAIN FOREST HAVE BEEN FELLED AND BURNED, IN A LARGELY FUTILE ATTEMPT TO PASTURE CATTLE ON SUN- HARDENED CLAY.BY THE MIDDLE OF THE NEXT CENTURY, IF TREND CONTINUE, TROPICAL FOREST WILL EXIST VIRTUALLY NOWHERE OUTSIDE OF PROTECTED AREAS—THAT IS, NATIONAL PARKS, WILDLIFE REFUGES, AND OTHER OFFICIAL RESERVES. 【A4】______ HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH WILL MAKE A BAD SITUATION WORSE BY PUTTING EVER MORE PRESSURE ON ALL AVAILABLE LAN

D.THE ANNUAL INCREASE IS NOW 80 MILLION PEOPLE, WITH MOST OF THAT INCREMENT COMING IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.ACCORDING TO THE UN"S MIDDLE ESTIMATE, HUMAN POPULATION WILL RISE FROM THE PRESENT 5.9 BILLION TO 9.4 BILLION BY THE YEAR 2050, THEN TO 10.8 BILLION BY 2150, BEFORE LEVELING OFF THERE AT THE END OF THE TWENTY-SECOND CENTURY.ANYONE INTERESTED IN THE FUTURE OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY NEEDS TO THINK ABOUT THE PRESSURES THESE PEOPLE WILL FACE, AND THE PRESSURES THEY WILL EXERT IN RETUR

N. 【A5】______ THAT DIRECTION, NECESSARILY, WILL BE TOWARD EVER MORE DESPERATE EXPLOITATION OF LANDSCAP

E.EVEN NOAH"S ARK ONLY MANAGES TO RESCUE PAIRED ANIMALS, NOT LARGE PARCELS OF HABITAT.THE JEOPARDY OF THE ECOLOGICAL FRAGMENTS THAT WE PRESENTLY CHERISH AS PARKS, REFUGES, AND RESERVES IS ALREADY SEVERE, DUE TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORCES: INTERNAL, BECAUSE INSULARITY ITSELF LEADS TO ECOLOGICAL UNRAVELING; AND EXTERNAL, BECAUSE THOSE AREAS ARE STILL UNDER SIEGE BY NEEDY AND COVETOUS PEOPL

E.WE SHOULDN"T TAKE COMFORT IN ASSUMING THAT AT LEAST YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK WILL STILL HARBOR BEARS IN THE YEAR 2150, THAT AT LEAST ROYAL CHIT-WAN IN NEPAL WILL STILL HARBOR TIGERS AND GIR IN INDIA WILL STILL HARBOR LIONS.THOSE PREDATOR POPULATIONS, AND OTHER SPECIES DOWN THE CASCADE, ARE LIKELY TO DISAPPEAR."WILDNESS" WILL BE A WORD APPLICABLE ONLY TO URBAN TURMOIL.LIONS, TIGERS, AND BEARS WILL EXIST IN ZOOS.NATURE WON"T COME TO AN END, BUT IT WILL LOOK VERY DIFFERENT.

点击查看答案

第9题

【A4】A.THE DISASTROUS IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY. B.HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH WORSENS THE PROBLE

【A4】

A.THE DISASTROUS IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY.

B.HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH WORSENS THE PROBLE

M.

C.WHAT IS LAND CONVERSION？

D.PROTECTED AREAS ARE UNDER THREAT.

E.THE LAND-CONVERSION CASCAD

E. BEHIND THE PROJECTIONS OF SPECIES LOSS LURK A NUMBER OF CRUCIAL BUT HARD-TO-PLOT VARIABLES, AMONG WHICH TWO ARE ESPECIALLY WEIGHTY; CONTINUING LANDSCAPE CONVERSION AND THE GROWTH CURVE OF HUMAN POPULATIO

N. 【A1】______ LANDSCAPE CONVERSION CAN MEAN MANY THINGS:DRAINING WETLANDS TO BUILD ROADS AND AIRPORTS, TURNING TALLGRASS (高秆草) PRAIRIES UNDER THE PLOW, FENCING SAVANNA (热带大草原) AND OVERGRAZING IT WITH DOMESTIC STOCK, CUTTING SECOND-GROWTH FOREST VERMONT AND CONSIGNING THE LAND TO SKI RESORTS OR VACATION SUBURBS, SLASH-AND-BURN CLEARING OF MADAGASCAR"S (马达加斯加) RAIN FOREST TO GROW RICE ON WET HILLSIDES, INDUSTRIAL LOGGING IN BORNEO (婆罗洲) TO MEET JAPANESE PLYWOOD DEMANDS. 【A2】______ THE ECOLOGIST JOHN TERBORGH AND A COLLEAGUE CAREL P.VAN SCHAIK, HAVE DESCRIBED A FOUR-STAGE PROCESS OF LANDSCAPE CONVERSION THAT THEY CALL THE LAND-USE CASCAD

E.THE SUCCESSIVE STAGES ARE (1)WILDLANDS, ENCOMPASSING NATIVE FLORAL AND FAUNAL COMMUNITIES ALTERED LITTLE OR NOT AT ALL BY HUMAN IMPACT; (2)EXTENSIVELY USED AREAS, SUCH AS NATURAL GRASSLANDS LIGHTLY GRAZED, SAVANNA KEPT OPEN FOR PREY ANIMALS BY INFREQUENT HUMAN-SET FIRES, OR FORESTS SPARSELY WORKED BY SLASH-AND-BURN FARMERS AT LOW DENSITY; (3)INTENSIVELY USED AREAS, MEANING CROP FIELDS, PLANTATIONS, VILLAGE COMMONS, TRAVEL CORRIDORS, URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL ZONES; AND FINALLY(4)DEGRADED LAND, FORMERLY USEFUL BUT NOW ABUSED BEYOND VALUE TO ANYBODY. 【A3】______ AMONG ALL FORMS OF LANDSCAPE CONVERSION, PUSHING TROPICAL FOREST FROM THE WILDLANDS CATEGORY TO THE INTENSIVELY USED CATEGORY HAS THE GREATEST IMPACT ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY.YOU CAN SEE IT IN THE CENTRAL AMAZON, WHERE BIG TRACTS OF RAIN FOREST HAVE BEEN FELLED AND BURNED, IN A LARGELY FUTILE ATTEMPT TO PASTURE CATTLE ON SUN- HARDENED CLAY.BY THE MIDDLE OF THE NEXT CENTURY, IF TREND CONTINUE, TROPICAL FOREST WILL EXIST VIRTUALLY NOWHERE OUTSIDE OF PROTECTED AREAS—THAT IS, NATIONAL PARKS, WILDLIFE REFUGES, AND OTHER OFFICIAL RESERVES. 【A4】______ HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH WILL MAKE A BAD SITUATION WORSE BY PUTTING EVER MORE PRESSURE ON ALL AVAILABLE LAN

D.THE ANNUAL INCREASE IS NOW 80 MILLION PEOPLE, WITH MOST OF THAT INCREMENT COMING IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.ACCORDING TO THE UN"S MIDDLE ESTIMATE, HUMAN POPULATION WILL RISE FROM THE PRESENT 5.9 BILLION TO 9.4 BILLION BY THE YEAR 2050, THEN TO 10.8 BILLION BY 2150, BEFORE LEVELING OFF THERE AT THE END OF THE TWENTY-SECOND CENTURY.ANYONE INTERESTED IN THE FUTURE OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY NEEDS TO THINK ABOUT THE PRESSURES THESE PEOPLE WILL FACE, AND THE PRESSURES THEY WILL EXERT IN RETUR

N. 【A5】______ THAT DIRECTION, NECESSARILY, WILL BE TOWARD EVER MORE DESPERATE EXPLOITATION OF LANDSCAP

E.EVEN NOAH"S ARK ONLY MANAGES TO RESCUE PAIRED ANIMALS, NOT LARGE PARCELS OF HABITAT.THE JEOPARDY OF THE ECOLOGICAL FRAGMENTS THAT WE PRESENTLY CHERISH AS PARKS, REFUGES, AND RESERVES IS ALREADY SEVERE, DUE TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORCES: INTERNAL, BECAUSE INSULARITY ITSELF LEADS TO ECOLOGICAL UNRAVELING; AND EXTERNAL, BECAUSE THOSE AREAS ARE STILL UNDER SIEGE BY NEEDY AND COVETOUS PEOPL

E.WE SHOULDN"T TAKE COMFORT IN ASSUMING THAT AT LEAST YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK WILL STILL HARBOR BEARS IN THE YEAR 2150, THAT AT LEAST ROYAL CHIT-WAN IN NEPAL WILL STILL HARBOR TIGERS AND GIR IN INDIA WILL STILL HARBOR LIONS.THOSE PREDATOR POPULATIONS, AND OTHER SPECIES DOWN THE CASCADE, ARE LIKELY TO DISAPPEAR."WILDNESS" WILL BE A WORD APPLICABLE ONLY TO URBAN TURMOIL.LIONS, TIGERS, AND BEARS WILL EXIST IN ZOOS.NATURE WON"T COME TO AN END, BUT IT WILL LOOK VERY DIFFERENT.

点击查看答案

第10题

Although Coca-Cola Co. spent nearly $ 2 billion last year advertising its various brands a
round the globe, it saw its share of the critical U. S. cola market decline. Meanwhile, Pepsi Co. is riding a sizzling Britney Spears-led ad campaign to a bigger share, and has launched an audacious assault on Coke's long-held sponsorships. The cola fight-is heating up, and Pepsi is landing most of the punches.

Pepsi's share of the U. S. carbonated soft-drink market rose to 31.65% last year, Beverage Digest reports. Coke brands, including Diet Coke and Sprite, still lead easily with a 43.7%share -- but that's down four-tenths of a point. Both companies' flagship colas, which together account for 1 of 3 sodas sold in the U. S. , lost share last year. But Coke's lost more, and Pepsi scored big with new flavors Code Red and Lemon Twist.

Pepsi Co. recently emharrassed its bigger rival by snatching away the National Football League sponsorship, which had been Coke's for 22 years. Coke dismisses the NFL setback as less important than the individual sponsorships it retains with two-thirds of the league's teams. "We're still an NFL sponsor," asserts Jeff Dunn, head of Coke in the Americas. He insists that the "passion point" for consumers is local teams. He says the cost of the league sponsorship had escalated beyond its value. Beneath Coke's outward calm, executives are angry over the NFL loss. Now, some on Coke's board are said to be upset that Pepsi outdid Coke's management. This sets up a marketing brawl later this year as Coke tries to tie itself to NFL from the bottom up, team by team, and Pepsi tries to do the same thing from the top down, leveraging its deal with the league.

Coke has hardly been sitting on its thumbs. Last year it brought out Diet Coke with lemon, and the company is now gearing up to launch Vanilla Coke. Yet if Wall Street is the judge of who's winning, there's no contest. Pepsi shares are trading near the all-time high and have almost doubled during Coke's long depression. Pepsi rates a strong buy from twice as many analysts. The news is not better for Coke among advertising experts. "There's nothing great going on ever there," says marketing consultant A1 Ries in Atlanta. He gives Pepsi far better marks for "effectively using visuals like Britney Spears to reinforce Pepsi's image that it is for the young generation," and for companies that sell very similar sugar water, image is everything.

The passage is mainly about ______.

A．the successful strategies for the sugar water industry

B．the cola fight between Coke and Pepsi

C．the reasons for the decline of Coke

D．the importance of image in 15romotion plan

点击查看答案
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