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Environmental factors contributing to obesity include ______.
A．lack of exercise.
B．larger portions of food at restaurants.
C．comfort eating.
答案
更多“Environmental factors contributing to obesity include ______.A．lack of exercise.B．larger p”相关的问题
第1题
Which factor of becoming obese is not mentioned in thisreport？
A. Social contact.
B. Genetic information.
C. Life style.
D. Environmental influences.
第2题
A．The habitat of the yellow pine chipmunk is a desirable one to other species, but the habitat of the sagebrush chipmunk is not.
B．It was more difficult to remove sagebrush chipmunks from their habitat than it was to remove yellow pine chipmunks from theirs.
C．Yellow pine chipmunks and sagebrush chipmunks require the same environmental conditions in their habitats.
D．The temperature of the habitat is not an important factor to either the yellow pine chipmunk or the sagebrush chipmunk.
第3题
阅读材料，回答题。
High Blood Pressure
There is evidence that the usual variety of high blood pressure is，in part，a familial disease．Since families have similar genes as well as similar environment，familial diseases could be due to shared genetic influences，to shared environmental factors，or to both．For some years，the role of one environmental factor commonly shared by families，namely dietary salt，has been studied at Brook—haven National Laboratory．These studies suggest that chronic excess salt ingestion(摄取)can lead to high blood pressure in man and animals．Some individuals，however，and some rats consume large amounts of salt without developing high blood pressure．No matter how strictly all environmental factors were controlled in these experiments，some salt-fed animals never develop hypertension(高血压)whereas a few rapidly developed very severe hypertensions followed by early death．These marked variations were interpreted to result from differences in genetic constitution．
By mating in successive generations only those animals that failed to develop hypertension from salt ingestion，a resistant strain(the R strain)has been evolved in which consumPtion of large quantities of salt fails to influence the blood pressure significantly．In contrast，by mating only animals that quickly develop hypertension from salt，a sensitive strain(the S strain)has also been developed．
The availability of these two strains permits investigations not therefore possible．They provide a plausible laboratory model on which to investigate some clinical aspects of the human developing methods by which genetic susceptibility(敏感性)of human beings to high blood pressure can be defined without waiting for its appearance．
The main idea of this passage is__________． 查看材料
A.Genetic constitution，or hereditary factor is all important factor that may underlie hypertension
B.Excessive use of salt may cause high blood pressure
C.Shared environmental factors may lead to familial disease
D.There are two different kinds of strains in animals which cause their different reactions to excess salt ingestion
第4题
One of these factors—social and cultural background—affects the interaction among people involved in, the decision-making process and provides the cultural framework within which they may comfortably operate. The best alter native for solving a problem, for example, might be to replace an employee who is unsuitable for a position. However, if in the society's culture there is a tradition of lifetime employment with one company, that alternative is not really feasible because of social and cultural restrictions.
With regard to the structure of an organization, there are numerous factors that may alter the "ideal" decision making process. The amount of flexibility within an organization and the available resources (such as facilities, technology, or fiscal reserves) are often controlling factors. The amount of data available may also limit the range of alter natives that can be considered. Another organizational factor is the importance of the decision being made related to other problems and responsibilities of management. The relative importance of one decision is weighed against the amount of effort involved in finding a solution and the benefit the company will receive from its implementation.
Three other factors also influence the following of a model decision process: time, creativity and risk. The amount of time available to make a decision for a given problem is often determined by the environment, not the management. The time factor may affect the creativity of the solution to a problem. The risk related to a particular course of action may be lessened by use of a group rather than an individual decision-maker. Time, resources, and culture may affect the work ability of a group process, although research shows that groups often come up with better solutions than individuals.
Decision theory and the "ideal" decision-making model tend to picture the process as one in which managers operate by themselves, free of restrictions of time, data, and resources. The reality of the decision process is much less a step-by-step procedure than it is a series of practical considerations directly influenced by the social, cultural, and organizational environment.
The decision-making process is often influenced by ______.
A．the operational aspects of management
B．the theoretical aspects of management
C．the environment and structure of the organization
D．the method of decision-making itself
第5题
By mating in successive generations only those animals that failed to develop hypertension from salt ingestion, a resistant strain (the" R" strain) has been evolved in which consumption of large quantities of salt fails to influence the blood pressure significantly. In contrast, by mating only animals that quickly develop hypertension from salt, a sensitive strain ("S" strain) has also been developed.
The availability of these two strains permits investigations not heretofore possible. They provide a plausible laboratory model on which to investigate some clinical aspects of the human proto - types of hypertension. More important, there might be the possibility of developing methods by which genetic susceptibility of human beings to high blood pressure can be defined without waiting for its appearance.
Which statement relates the main idea of this passage？
A．When salt is added to their diets, rats and men react in much the same way.
B．The near future will see a cure for high blood pressure.
C．Modem research has shown that high blood pressure is a result of salt in the diet.
D．A tendency toward high blood pressure may be a hereditary factor.
第6题
The importance of environment in determining an individual's intelligence can be【B11】by the case history of the【B12】twins, Peter and John. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in【B13】fostered(寄养的) homes. Peter was【B14】by parents of low intelligence in an【B15】community with poor educational opportunities. John,【B16】, was educated in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. This environmental【B17】continued until the twins were【B18】their late teens, when they were given tests to【B19】their intelligence. John's IQ was 125, twenty-five points higher than the【B20】and fully forty points higher than his identical brother.
【B1】
A．for
B．by
C．with
D．in
第7题
The importance of environment in determining an individual's intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark. The twins had identical brain at birth. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in different homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. Mark's I. Q. was 125, twenty five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother.
(30)
A．Human brains differ considerably.
B．The brain a person is born with is important in determining his intelligence.
C．An environmentally handicapped person won't attain his due level of intelligence.
D．Environment is important in determining a person's intelligence.
第8题
听力原文： There are two factors which determine an individual's intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual -- the sort of environment in which he is reared. If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.
The importance of environment in determining an individual's intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark. Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same. when the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child, sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. Mark's I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains, would have tested at roughly the same level.
(33)
A．Measuring Your Intelligence
B．Intelligence and Environment
C．The Case of Peter and Mark
D．How the Brain Influences Intelligence
第9题
What Causes Cancer？
The question "What causes cancer？" has been asked for centuries. The short answer is: we still don't know. But a tremendous amount has added to our understanding in recent decades. One major change in the way researchers view cancer is that they now rarely think in terms of a single unitary cause. Rather, it appears that most cancers are caused by the interaction of several factors. In ninny cases, some or all of three factors may be involved: (1) viruses, (2) individual susceptibility, and (3) environmental irritants(刺激物). Another major change in our contemporary view of cancer is that it is now regarded as a premiere example of an environmental disease--that is, a disease in which environmental factors are often crucial to the disease process.
VIRUSES
A number of viruses have been identified that induce cancer in laboratory animals. What about humans？ As of the late 1970s, no virus had been shown conclusively to cause cancer in people. However, the scientific consensus was that it was probably only a matter of time before such a connection was proven.
Cancer, however, is not a communicable disease, like a cold or influenza. It is not "catching" in the ordinary sense of a word, and the mere presence of the suspect virus is apparently not enough, by it self, to produce the disease. It appears that the process may work something like this: A carcinogenic virus enters a cell and insinuates itself amidst the cell's genetic material. (Viruses and genes are structurally similar. ) The virus may then lie dormant(休眠的) for years, until it is triggered into action by some kind of environmental irritant, such as pollution or radiation. At that point, the reactivated virus causes changes in the genes, altering the host cell permanently and also altering all the cells produced by the division of the original cell. The genetic program of these new—and now cancerous-cell calls for tile unrestrained growth, dedifferentiation(分化), anaphase, and metastasis(转移)discussed earlier.
INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPIBILITY
Some people may be more prone to develop cancers than others, for several possible reasons.
Heredity is one. Resistance to cancer, or susceptibility to it, is a quality for which laboratory animals can be bred. So, presumably, heredity may play some role in humans as well. Statistical evidence, however, shows only a minor tendency for cancers to run in families. Indeed, for most cancers no such tendency can be demonstrated. Cancers of the breast, lung, thyroid, colon, and rectum do seem to cluster in families, at least to some degree. If your family has a history involving one of these cancers, you and your physician may want to be especially vigilant for signs of such cancer during your periodic physical examinations.
Some researchers have proposed that personality characteristics may render some people more vulnerable to cancer. According to this theory, people are more likely to develop cancer, and more likely to die from it, if they have rigid, authoritarian personality and suppressed inner conflicts about sexual and aggressive feelings. There have been many studies attempting to test this theory, and the results are thought-provoking. In one study, for example, doctors at the University of Rochester were able to predict with seventy-five percent accuracy whether women entering the hospital for a biopsy would have cancer or not, based on psychiatric interviews. However, this and many other studies linking cancer and psychological factors were performed on small samples. Well-controlled, large-scale, long-term studies are needed before the theory can be regarded as well established.
A third factor that might influence your susceptibility to cancer is the state of your immune system. When a person's immune system is weak, he or she has a heightened chance of developing ca
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第10题
Green Wave Washes Over Mainstream Shopping
Research in Britain has shown that "green consumers" continue to flourish as a significant group among shoppers. This suggests that politicians who claim environmentalism is yesterday's issue may be seriously misjudging the public mood.
A report from Mintel, the market research organization, says that despite recession and financial pressures, more people than ever want to buy environmentally friendly products and a "green wave" has swept through consumerism, taking in people previously untouched by environmental concerns. The recently published report also predicts that the process will repeat itself with "ethical" concerns, involving issues such as fair trade with the Third World and the social record of businesses. Companies will have to be more honest and open in response to this mood.
Mintel's survey, based on nearly 1,000 consumers, found that the proportion who look for green products and are prepared to pay more for them has climbed from 53 percent in 1990 to around 60 percent in 1994. On average, they will pay 13 percent more for such products, although this percentage is higher among women, managerial and professional groups and those aged 35 to 44.
Between 1990 and 1994 the proportion of consumers claiming to be unaware of or unconcerned about green issues fell from 18 to 10 percent but the number of green spender among older people and manual workers has risen substantially. Regions such as Scotland have also caught up with the south of England in their environmental concerns. According to Mintel, the image of green consumerism as associated in the past with the more eccentric members of society has virtually disappeared. The consumer research manager for Mintel, Angela Hughes, said it had become firmly established as a mainstream market. She explained that as far as the average person is concerned environmentalism has not "gone off the boil". In fact, it has spread across a much wider range of consumer groups, ages and occupations.
Mintel's 1994 survey found that 13 percent of consumers are "very dark green", nearly always buying environmentally friendly products, 28 percent are "dark green", trying "as far as possible" to buy such products, and 21 percent are "pale green" tending to buy green products if they see them. Another 26 percent are "armchair greens"; they said they care about environmental issues but their concern does not affect their spending habits. Only 10 percent say they do not care about green issues.
Four in ten people are "ethical spenders", buying goods which do not, for example, involve dealings with oppressive regimes. This figure is the same as in 1990, although the number of "armchair ethicals" has risen from 28 to 35 percent and only 22 percent say they are, unconcerned now, against 30 percent in 1990. Hughes claims that in the twenty-first century, consumers will be encouraged to think more about the entire history of the products and services they buy, including the policies of the companies that provide them and that this will require a greater degree of honesty with consumers.
Among green consumers, animal testing is the top issue—48 percent said they would be deterred from buying a product if it had been tested on animals followed by concerns regarding irresponsible selling, the ozone layer, river and sea pollution, forest destruction, recycling and factor farming. However, concern for specific issues is lower than in 1990, suggesting that many consumers feel that Government and business have taken on the environmental agenda.
The research findings report commercial rather than political trends.
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
