The word "Byzantine" (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means______.A.absurdB.complexC.excess
The word "Byzantine" (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means______.
A.absurd
B.complex
C.excessive
D.puzzling
The word "Byzantine" (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means______.
A.absurd
B.complex
C.excessive
D.puzzling
第1题
A.in 600
B.during the 7th century
C.a century after the cultural achievements of the Byzantine Empire had been lost
D.soon after the revival of Byzantine learning
第2题
A.revolutionary and too new to have been applied to the history of the Byzantine Empire.
B.not applicable to the Byzantine revival as a whole, but does perhaps accurately describe limited periods during the revival.
C.equally applicable to the Byzantine case as a whole and to the history of military, economic, and cultural advances in ancient Greece and Rome.
D.essentially not helpful, because military, economic, and cultural advances are part of a single phenomenon.
第3题
A.had eliminated the Bulgarian army.
B.were comparable in size to the army of Rome under Augustus.
C.were strong enough to withstand the Abbasid Caliphate's military forces.
D.had achieved control of Byzantine governmental structures
第4题
It can be inferred that by the eleventh century the Byzantine military forces______.
A.had reached their peak and begun to decline
B.had eliminated the Bulgarian army
C.were comparable in size to the army of Rome under Augustus
D.were strong enough to withstand the Abbasid Caliphate's military forces
第5题
A.The Byzantine military revival of the 860's led to economic and cultural advances.
B.The Byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453.
C.The Byzantine economic recovery began in the 900's.
D.The revival of Byzantine began toward the end of the eighth century.
第6题
A.in 600
B.during the seventh century
C.soon after the revival of Byzantine learning
D.in the century after 873
第7题
The author thinks that the Byzantine bureaucracy
A.contributes little to the public welfare.
B.deserves compliments for its achievements in preventing crimes.
C.is too stringent in carrying out the laws.
D.is highly democratic.
第8题
A.Peasants had a hard life due to the high tax on land.
B.Scholars were skeptical of Greek tradition.
C.Women were excluded from education.
D.Soldiers received poor salaries.
第9题
To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity.
Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential connections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change. The common explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.
No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not clear that military advances invariably came first. Economic advances second and intellectual advances third. In the 860's the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire's favor. The beginning of the empire's economic revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830. Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning appears to have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Thus the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed in Byzantium. In fact, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.
The primary purpose of the second paragraph is which of the following?
A.To show that Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens are examples of cultural, economic, and military expansion against which all subsequent cases must be measured.
B.To suggest that cultural, economic and military advances have tended to be closely interrelated in different societies.
C.To argue that, while the revivals of Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens were similar, they are unrelated to other historical examples.
D.To indicate that, wherever possible, historians should seek to make comparisons with the earliest chronological examples of revival.
第10题
What does the word "rural" mean to you? Organic, perhaps. Wholesome. Gemeinschaft (or do I mean Gesellschaft?). Conservative. Marx's "rural idiocy" maybe. To me the countryside is about paranoia. It breeds independence and idiosyncrasy and other nice things but also the sort of people who wander onto Capitol Hill in order to kill some senators or declare war on the FBI for being an essentially socialist organization. For people who live in and off the countryside, there always seems to be the idea that "they"—the bureaucrats, the government, the city folk—are out to get them.
What they despise almost as much as city folk themselves are the sort of things that city folk like about the countryside, footpaths, beauty spots, old buildings, rare flora and fauna, ancient sites of historical interest. To select from my experience of the past few weeks, the land that was once owned by my late grandparents contained a meadow that was famous across Sweden (well, it was once featured on the front page of the local newspaper) for its rare plants. A couple of weeks ago my cousin—an engineer and part-time farmer with a flock of four sheep and one ram—fenced the meadow off, set the sheep loose into it and within two days it duly looked like a bit of scrub in a corner of a derelict industrial estate. Incidentally, when your correspondent went to investigate this vandalism, the said ram pursued him across the field in a way that was later said to be hilarious to onlookers.
Another local man carries around a special bullet in case he should ever get on the trail of a wolf. The normal bullets used for hunting deer and elk have soft tips so that they spread out on contact and cause devastating fatal wounds. But this special wolf bullet has a hard tip so that it will pass right through the animal, leaving a relatively small (though almost certainly fatal) wound. The dying wolf will then probably walk tens of miles before it dies, thus preventing "them" from identifying the slayers of this absurdly protected predator. And this happens in a province which has a wolf as its official symbol.
There's more. A neighboring lake has become home to what I was informed is an exceedingly rare kind of hawk. But the local people who have spotted it have kept its presence a closely guarded secret. If they told ornithologists about it, then the next thing that would happen is that they would probably want to come into the area and start to look at the bloody thing, and once these bureaucrats and scientists get their claws into an area, who knows where it will end?
Much of this is probably true of rural areas everywhere, but in Sweden it has been exacerbated by the Byzantine bureaucracy that was generated by 40 years of social democracy, a system that led both to some of the finest public services and to the situation in which the country's greatest living artist, Ingmar Bergman, under suspicion of a minor tax transgression, was publicly arrested and interrogated in a manner that might have been thought excessive by Beria.
One of the fundamental Swedish rights is entitled allamansrdtt, which permits anybody to walk, pick berries or mushrooms virtually anywhere. Some local business
A.hated
B.distrust
C.contempt
D.reverence