Mind Aging is a new expression coming into the view of the modern people. It is said in a
第1题
听力原文: Many of us believe that a person's mind becomes less active as he grows older. But this is not true, according to Dr. Lissy F. Javik, professor of psychiatry at the University of California, Los Angeles. Dr. Jarvik has studied the mental functioning of aging persons for several years. For example, one of her studies concerns 136 pairs of identical twins, who were first examined when they were already 60 years old. As Dr. Jarvik's continued the study of the twins into their 70s and 8Os, their minds did not generally decline as was expected.
However, there was some decline in their psychomotor speed. This means that it took them longer to accomplish mental tasks than it used to. But when speed was not a factor, they last very little intellectual ability over the years. In general, Dr. Jarvik's studies have shown that there is no decline in knowledge or reasoning ability. This is true not only into the 30s and 40s but also into 60s and 70s as well.
As for learning new things, and ability to remember, studies by Dr. Jarvik and others show that the old are equal to the young. It is true that older people themselves often complain that their memory is not as good as it once was. However, much of what we call "loss of memory" is not that at all. There usually was incomplete learning in the first place. For example, the older person perhaps had trouble hearing or poor vision, or inattention, or was trying to learn the new thing at a speed that was too fast.
In the cases where the older person's mind really seems to decay, it is not necessarily a sign of a decay due to old age or "senility". Often it is simply a sign of a depressed emotional state. The depression usually can be counteracted by counseling, therapy with a psychologist, or medications which fight depression.
(30)
A.It remains as active as ever.
B.It tends to be less active.
C.It loses the ability to reason.
D.It functions well in learning new things.
第2题
However, there was some decline in their psychomotor (精神运动的) speed. This means that it took them longer to accomplish mental tasks than it used to. But when speed was not a factor, they lost very little intellectual ability over the years. In general, Dr. Jarvik's studies have shown that there is no decline in knowledge or reasoning ability. This is true not only with those in their 30s and 40s, but with those in their 60s and 70s as well.
It is true that older people themselves often complain that their memory is not as good as it once was. However, much of what we call "loss of memory" is not that at all. There usually was incomplete learning in the first place. For example, the older person perhaps had trouble hearing, or poor vision, or inattention, or was trying to learn the new things at too fast a pace. In the cases where the older person's mind really seems to decay, it is not necessary a sign of decay due to old age. Often it is simply as sign of a depressed emotional state.
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Professor Arthur Shimamura, of the University of California at Berkeley, says there are three main ways in which mental function changes. The first is mental speed, for example how quickly you can react to fast-moving incidents on the road. Drivers in their late teens react quickly but tend to drive too fast, while the over sixties are more cautious but react more slowly. The near-inevitable slowing with age also partly explains why soccer players are seen as old in their thirties, while golf professionals are still in their prime at that age. This type of mental slowing results from a reduction in the efficiency with which the brain's neurons work.
The fact that adults find it harder to learn musical instruments than children points to a second type of mental loss with age—a reduction in learning capacity. The parts of the brain known as the temporal lobes control new learning, and are particularly vulnerable to the effects of aging. This means that, as we get older, we take longer to learn a new language, are slower to master new routines and technologies at work, and we have to rely more on diaries and other mental aids.
'Working memory' is the third brain system which is vulnerable to the effects of aging. Working memory is the brain's 'blackboard', where we juggle from moment to moment the things we have to keep in mind when solving problems, planning tasks and generally organizing our day-to-day life. Absent-mindedness occurs at all ages because of imperfections in the working memory system—so, for instance, you may continually lose your glasses, or find yourself walking into a room of your house only to find that you cannot remember what you came for.
Such absent-mindedness tends to creep up on us as we age and occurs because our plans and intentions, which are chalked up on the mental blackboard, are easily wiped out by stray thoughts and other distractions. Stress and preoccupation can also cause such absent-mindedness, in addition to age-related changes in the brain. The frontal lobes of the brain—located behind the forehead and above the eyes are where the working memory system is located. Like the temporal lobes, which handle new learning, the frontal lobes are more vulnerable to the aging process than other parts of the brain.
The news, however, is not all bleak. Although neurons reduce in number with age, the remaining neurons send out new and longer connecting fibres(dendrites) to maintain connections and allow us to function reasonably well with only relatively small drops in ability.
This and other evidence suggests that the principle 'use it or lose it' might apply to the aging brain. Professor Shimamura studied a group of university professors who were still intellectually active, and compared their performance on neuropsychological tests with that of others of their age group, as well as with younger people. He found that on several tests of memory, the mentally active professors in their sixties and early Seventies were superior to their contemporaries, and as good as the younger people.
Research on animals provides even stronger evidence of the effects of stimulation on the brain structure. Professor Bryan Kolb, of the University of Lethbridge in Canada, has shown that animals kept in stimulating environments show sprouting(生长) and lengthening of the connecting nerve fibres in their brains, in comparison With animals kept in unstimulating environments.
The beneficial effects of continued mental activity are shown by the fact that older contestants in quiz shows are just as fast and accurate in resp
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
第4题
There is no better medicine against aging than__________.
A.focusing on the unpleasant
B.dealing with life's problems
C.keeping the mind active
D.changing our association
E.living a long life
F.setting realistic goals
第5题
27 There is no better medicine against aging than .
28 Isolation may keep a person from .
29 Relaxation is one of the techniques for better .
30 It is wise of us to avoid .
A dealing with life's problems
B keeping the mind active
C changing our association
D living a long Life
E setting realistic goals
F focusing on the unpleasant
第6题
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
第7题
Anti-Aging Secrets: Four Ways to Stay Young
1 The aging process is not easy for anyone. While some people accept getting older and do everything within their power to keep the mind and body active, others adopt a negative attitude and give in to the effects of aging. However, the key to feeling young is maintaining a young mental state. Moreover, simple lifestyle. changes can make you feel years younger.
2 Keeping the mind active is the best medicine against aging. Studies have shown that persons who remain active following retirement live longer. Brainpower and physical fitness go hand-in-hand When minds are sharpened or active, we are more likely to be physically active. Even if aging results in slight memory loss or a little confusion, brain exercises such as crossword puzzles (填字字谜) can improve memory.
3 Some persons are naturally introverted (内倾性格的) or shy, which can result in isolation. If you want to live a long life, avoid isolation. Maintaining healthy relationships has lasting benefits. Establishing strong relationships could lower blood pressure, promote relaxation, ease pain, and may even strengthen the immune system (免疫系统).
4 Too much stress can quickly age people. Completely ridding (使摆脱) our lives of stress is impossible. On the other hand, we can adopt simple techniques for better coping with life's problems, including reducing chaos, setting realistic goals, and relaxing.
5 If you think that you are old, you feel old Try to be cheerful and avoid developing a negative attitude towards life. Sometimes, this involves changing our association. Surrounding yourself with complainers will start to influence your attitude to life. We all experience hardships. Rather than focusing on the unpleasant, reflect on the positive things about life.
A. Avoid Isolation
B. Adopt a Positive Attitude to Life
C. Keep Your Mind Active
D. Maintain Balance
E. Accept Failure
F. Reduce Stress
Paragraph 2 ______
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In the Chinese mind the Spring Festival is______with nice food and new clothes.
A.joined
B.telated
C.1inked
D.associated
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Exercising Your Memory
1 Aging does not mean a dramatic decline in memory power, unless you help it
happen by letting your mind go.
2 That's not to say that memory doesn't change throughout life. Researchers divide
memory into categories based on the length of time when memories are stored. One
system divides it up as short-term (less than one minute; remembering a telephone
number while you dial, for instance), long-term (over a period of years) and very
long-term memory (over a lifetime).
3 Short-term memory isn't mastered until about age 7, but after that you never lose it. Long-term memory, however, involves more effort and skill and changes more through life. It's not until the early teens (十几岁) that most people develop a mature long-term memory.
4 First, we must get information into our heads through learning. Learning strategies can get rusty (生锈的) without constant use. High school and college students, who are forced to repeatedly exercise their long-term memory abilities (at least long-term enough to get them through a final exam), usually do well on memory tests. The longer you stay in school, the more chance you get to polish your learning, skills. It's no wonder that more highly educated people have more effective memory skills throughout life.
5 Although older people in general learn somewhat more slowly than they did-when
younger, a dramatic difference exists between those who stay intellectually active --reading, discussing, taking classes, thinking -- and those who do not. Giving the brain a daily workout (锻炼) is just as important as exercising your muscles. Brainwork keeps your learning strategies in shape, and this helps your memory to function at full capacity.
6 The next part of a healthy long-term memory is retention (记忆力), the ability to store what you have learned. Memory researchers still do not know whether memories are lost--whether they still exist in the brain but our mental searching cannot turn them up, or have disappeared entirely as our brain ages.
7 The third necessity for memory is recall, the ability to bring to mind the memories we have stored. Again, while aging has widely different effects on the recall abilities of different people, research indicates that the older we get, the longer it takes to recall facts. But slower recall is still recall. In fact, aging does not seem to have any effect on forgetting at all, which takes place at the same rate in younger and older people.
第 23 题 Paragraph 3_______
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FILM PREVIEWS
In the Line of Fire
After his Oscar success as an aging cowboy in Unforgotten, Clint Eastwood plays an aging secret-service man in this action movie. He is Frank Horrigan, a devoted citizen who has strong love for his country and who believes that he was responsible for the death of John F. Kennedy in 1963. When a madman, played by John Malkovich, says that he will kill the present President, Horrigan is given the chance to redeem himself.
Sleepless in Seattle
A very interesting film from Nora Ephron, the writer-director of When Harry Met Sally. One Christmas, a little boy, who has just lost his mother, calls a national radio station to find a new wife for his dad, played by Tom Hanks. When a radio-reporter hears the program, she is sure that she has found the man of her dream and spends the rest of the film in an eager search for him.
The Firm
Tom Cruise plays a young lawyer, Mitch McDeere, who finds out that several members of his new law firm have died. When an FBI man finds out that the firm is run by the Mafia(黑手党), Mitch is offered a job as an undercover agent(便衣特工), who will pretend to work for one side while working for another, However, he refuses and thinks up a way neither to follow the FBI nor the Mafia. This is Tom Cruise acting the part he knows best--The Great American Individual.
Who plays the major part in In the Line of Fire?
A.Frank Horrigan.
B.John Malkovich.
C.John Kennedy.
D.Clint Eastwood.