Independent language learners relay on themselves______.

A.learners

B.chance

C.wait

D.purpose

age and the target language is called

A．developing language.

B．interlanguage.

C．interim language.

D．constructing language.

Independent Language learners rely on themselves___________

A. to discover sentence patterns and grammatical rules

B. to expand vocabulary

C. to use the target language

D. to encourage unsuccessful language learners to learn independently， actively and purposefully

E. from clues

F. to say strange things

料

A.to discover sentence patterns and grammatical rules

B.to expand vocabulary

C.to use the target language

D.to encourage unsuccessful language learners to learn independently， actively and purposefully

E.from clues

F.to say strange things

听力原文： Another reason for the worldwide use of the English language is its use throughout the Commonwealth,' which includes a quarter of the world's people in one-sixth of the world's land area. All of its forty-nine member states have at some time been under British rule. In some of them English is the first language; others, with several different languages of their own, find English the most convenient means of communication except for small-scale business. Today the Commonwealth is a loose association of independent sovereign states, nearly all of their members of the United Nations, mattered among the continents and their adjacent islands. British rule still continues in a few groups of islands, all but one of them too small in population to be independent states but preferring to continue the British connection rather than to attach themselves to any neighboring states.

The transformation of the British Empire into a "Commonwealth" of independent nations began, in part, in 1867 with the establishment of Canada as a fully self-governing country, still associated with Britain. Australia and New Zealand followed. With all these, full power was transferred, with agreement on both sides, to the representative institutions of people mostly descended from emigrants from Britain, though part of Canada was French.

The new Commonwealth began in 1947, when India and Pakistan became fully independent. India's membership of the Commonwealth was not affected by its decision three years later to become a republic. All the major colonial territories, in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean, had become independent within twenty years. In every case power was transferred, with the help and agreement of the British government, to ministries responsible to parliaments elected by universal suffrage, but with guarantees of protection for minorities, such as small tribes.

One country at first declared itself independent without British agreement. In 1965 Rhodesia had already enjoyed internal self--government for forty years, but with a regime that in effect gave power to the white minority, who were mainly settlers of British origin. The arrangement was objectionable to other countries in the Commonwealth, and the British insisted that it must be changed. When the leaders of the white-dominated regime unilaterally declared their independence, the British government considered their regime to be illegitimate, and joined the United Nations in imposing sanctions, while refusing to use military force. Eventually the white leaders agreed to an amended system which would give power to a government elected by equal universal suffrage. An election on this basis gave power to black ministers, and the Republic of Zimbabwe was inaugurated in 1980.

In many independent countries of the Commonwealth the British cultural influence survives, and some of their educational systems still reflect this influence. So too with parliamentary and legal processes. Sonic send military officers to British colleges for training. But British governments, of both parties, have regularly avoided any interference with their relations with other states, or with their internal politics -- although in some cases the original institutions have been fundamentally altered, replaced by military rule or other forms of more or less arbitrary power. In the United Nations, members of the Commonwealth are quite often opposed to one another.

Listen to the following passage. Write a short summary of 150 to 200 words of what you have heard. You may need to take some notes while you're listening. This part of the test carries 30 points. You will hear the passage only once.

选出应填入下面一段英语中______内的正确答案。

All known techniques for handling complex problems successfully seem to fall into one of the three classes: subdividing the problem(1), ignoring irrelevant detailin a safe way(2), and having an independent agent(3)the internal consistency (contextual checking) The first two provide guidelines for solving the problem, the third serves to provide early warnings. A good programming language supports all three.

In subdividing problem, some of the subproblems may be similar to the(4)problem. It leads us to a(5)solution. This(5)solution is viable provided each of the subproblems is easier to solve than the original problem.

he Indo-European parent language.

English was first spoken by the Anglo-Saxons who invaded England in the fifth century. They passed onto us the basic vocabulary of English, such as "me, you, sheep, and wood". Then the Vikings came into the land, bringing their own language into English. Some words like "sky, and skirt" are from Norse. Later in 55 B. C. , Julius Ceasar invaded Britain. Norman French found its way into the English language, making up the part spoken by the nobleman. The words like "royal, and government" were often spoken by the upper class. In over 15 centuries of development, English has borrowed from other languages massively, including Spain , whose language like "angel, and disciple" is often used in churches in Britain, and also Creek, and even Chinese and Japanese. It's said there are over one million words in the English dictionary.

As settlers established the United States as an independent nation, a new variety was added to the English language: American English. Though some people worry that the language may run out of control, many native speakers of English disapprove of building the fence around their language. They take pride in both the tolerance of invading of other languages and the tolerance of changing their language.

Which parent language is English believed to descend from？

A．European parent language.

B．Latin parent language.

C．Indian parent language.

D．Indo-European parent language.

structure may either influence or determine linguistic struc-【M1】______ ture and/or behavior. A certain evidence may be adduced to support this【M2】______ view: the age-grading phenomenon whereby young children speak differently from elder children and, in turn, children speak differently from mature【M3】______ adults: studies which show that the varieties of language that speakers use reflect such matters like their regional, social, or ethnic origin: and other【M4】______ studies which show that particular ways of speaking, choices of words, and even rules for conversing are in fact highly determined by certain social requirements. A second possible relationship is directly opposing to the first: linguistic【M5】______ structure and/or behavior. may either influence or determine social structure. Many of these who argue that languages rather than speakers of these【M6】______ languages can be "sexist". A third possible relationship is that the influence is bi-directional: language and society may influence each. A fourth possibility【M7】______ is to assume that there is no relationship at all between linguistic structure and social structure and that every is independent of the other. A variant of this【M8】______ possibility would be to say that, although there might be some such relationship, present attempts to characterize it is essentially premature, given what【M9】______ we know about both language and society. Actually, this variant view appears to be the one that Chomsky himself holds: he prefers to develop an asocial linguistics such as a preliminary to any other kind of linguistics.【M10】______

【M1】

promote native language literacy among Indians. Indians were to be taught to read and write in their native language before being taught English. Studies in many cultures around the world demonstrate that children learn to read best in their mother tongue. Bilingual reading books and other educational materials were prepared in Navaho, Hopi, Siouan, Pueblo, and Papago languages. The difficulties were tremendous because many American Indian languages are distinctively different in structure from all other languages in the world. They do not have "words" in the sense that other languages do—as independent meaningful sound sequences that combine into "sentences". Their "sentences" are made by combining prefixes, infixes, and suffixes into what looks like one long word but is essentially the equivalent of our sentence. It is impossible, in other words, to make an Indian utterance that is not a sentence. In our sense, Indian languages do not have parts of speech, conjugations etc. The sentence is the smallest structure available to speakers of the language. Therefore bridging the translation gap between English and such language is a massive feat. In most cases, Indian children need to be bilingual though not necessarily be literate. That is, they need to speak their native language to participate fully in their home and tribal affairs. But, they do not need to read and write that language. On the other hand, they also need a reading, writing, and speaking knowledge of English, not only to get their due in this country but, ironically, also to preserve their heritage.

In the first sentence "literacy" means______.

A．freedom

B．concerning literature

C．quality

D．being able to read and/or write

How to Learn Language Successfully

1．Some people seem to have a knack for learning languages. They can pick up new vocabulary, master rules or grammar, and learn to write in the new language more quickly than others. They do not seem to be any more intelligent than others, so what makes language learning so much easier for them？ Perhaps if we take a close look at these successful language learners, we may discover a few of the techniques which make language learning easier for them.

2．First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher；they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guesters who look for clues and form. their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from mistakes.

3．Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language；they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every world.

4．Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.

5．What kind of language learner are you？ If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might as well try some of the techniques outlined above.

A．Ways to Learn a Language Successfully

B．Learning a Language Purposefully

C．Learning a Language Actively

D．Learning a Language Independently

E．Learning from Mistakes

F．Learning to Think in the Target Language

Paragraph 1______