Although "lie detectors" are widely used by governments, police departments and businesses - 试题答案网问答

第1题

Although "lie detectors" are widely used by governments, police departments and businesses

, the results are not always accurate. Lie detectors are commonly【C1】______as emotion detectors, for their aim is to【C2】______bodily changes that contradict what a 28 says. The lie detector records changes【C4】______heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and the electrical【C5】______of the skin. In the first part of the【C6】______, you are electronically connected to the ma chine and【C7】______a few neutral questions("what is your name？" etc). Your physical reactions serve【C8】______the standard for evaluating what comes【C9】______. Then you are presented with a few【C10】______questions among the neutral ones("When did you rob the hank？" ). The idea is that if you are【C11】______, your body will reveal the truth, even if you try to【C12】______it. Your heart rate and breathing will change【C13】______as you respond to the question.

That is the theory, but psychologists have found that lie detectors are simply not【C14】______. Since most physical changes are the same across【C15】______emotions, lie detectors cannot tell【C16】______you are feeling angry, nervous or excited.【C17】______people may be tense and nervous【C18】______the whole procedure. They may react physiologically to a certain word("bank")not because they robbed it, but because they recently used a bad check. In either【C19】______, the machine will record a "lie" .

On the other hand, some practiced liars can lie【C20】______hesitation, so the reverse mistake is also common.

【C1】

A．fixed

B．designed

C．known

D．produced

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第2题

A new generation of storytellers has been born whose deceptions have benefited from a coll

ege education.

A psychological research has found that while lies typically take place in a fifth of all 10-minute conversations, the number increases to one in three if the participants have been university or college- educated.

Education gives some people the vocabulary and confidence to deceive. The lies may not be important-so-called white lies--but they are more sophisticated than you might find elsewhere in society.

Other research also implicates the better-educated as more likely to lie. A survey of lies among 500 people showed that more highly trained people could not only make up more lies but also detect them more easily.

Scientists are only starting to study how higher education that emphasizes learning and repeating stories, nurtures(培养) an ability to shape experience and memorize it. There is a connection that may have something to do with the education style. that people receive, but it's still too early to make a conclusion.

Investigation also shows that highly educated government officials who never lied are increasingly rare. The grown-ups who would rather get into difficulties than tell a lie have been replaced by much younger intellectuals who tend to be more ruthless(无情的) and don't care so much about the truth.

"I remember some colleagues boasting about how much money they received for getting a gentleman a passport, and that sort of thing. They looked excited and could not stop themselves, even the graceful ladies." said a retired official. While the better-educated may be more frequent liars, psychologists are also finding that women are starting to overtake men.

It is traditionally viewed that men lie more than women, such as empty boasts about their jobs while women tend to tell untruths only in order to avoid hurting and to protect family members.

This is changing, however. Twenty years ago sociologists at Bath University showed that men would lie up to 10 times as often as women. Five years ago the research result was three times as often. And now the gap has narrowed to a few points: t58% of men and 62% of women said they would lie and cheat in an interview to get a job.

Their research suggests that while men still lie as much as they always have done, women are set to outperform. them in the next decade.

"Storytellers" in the first sentence refers to ______.

A．novelists

B．liars

C．speechmakers

D．college students

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第3题

New Technique Promises Earlier Cancer Detection A new technique could revolutionize the ea

New Technique Promises Earlier Cancer Detection

A new technique could revolutionize the early detection of cancer, giving sufferers a greater chance of beating the disease, American scientists said. Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have devised a novel method of(51)changes in the nucleus of cells in the earliest stages of the disease. "More than 85 percent of all cancers originate in the epithelium (上皮) that lines the internal surfaces of organs(52)the body. Although these are treatable(53)they are diagnosed in one of the preventable stages, early body damages are almost(54)to detect," said scientist Feld. "We present a new optical-probe (光学探子) technique based on light-scattering spectroscopy (分光镜检查) that is able(55)detect pre-cancerous and early cancerous cells in cell-rich epithelia," he added in a statement.

The new technique relies on the fact(56)cell nuclei change in the early stages of cancer and the differences scatter light in a characteristic way. Until now the changes were only detectable(57)a biopsy (活检) was taken, the scientists said. The new technique,(58)in the science journal Nature, can be used in conjunction with a routine cancer screening and surveillance technique which uses an endoscope (内窥镜)--a flexible optical probe(59)with cameras which is inserted into a cavity in the body--to check(60)cancers.

The scientists said they(61)their new technique in four different organs during routine endoscopic cancer screening. The tip of the optical probe was brought into contact with the tissue to be tested and the scattering of light was recorded without the need for any tissue to be(62), the scientists said. "Our results show that light-scattering spectroscopy has the potential to detect pre-cancerous body damages and pre-invasive cancers throughout the body. This technique should(63)improve the efficiency of cancer screening and surveillance," the scientists said. Cancer is one of the biggest(64)in industrialized countries.(65)to figures from the World Health Organization, 10 million people were diagnosed with the disease worldwide in 1997 and six million died.

A．stopping

B．accelerating

C．detecting

D．delaying

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第4题

听力原文：Although we are told when young that honesty is the best policy, we are often tau

听力原文： Although we are told when young that honesty is the best policy, we are often taught the opposite by experience and observation. A child quickly learns that she cannot always tell the truth. For instance, the little girl who tells her great aunt that she's fat and ugly learns that honesty can have some unfortunate results. Similarly the five-year-old who admits to pinching the baby soon has ample evidence that dishonesty might be the real virtue. In addition to her own experience, the child also observes that adults don't practice what they preach about honesty. Any alert child knows by the age of eight that adults really employ the little white lie to serve their own purposes. For instance, a child may hear a parent explain on the phone that his family have a lot of company when the child knows that no one is there but family members. Another child may hear her mother insist that she's terribly glad to see an old friend who has dropped by and then, two hours later, hear her mother complain about her day being interrupted by the visit. As a result, the child learns from watching that dishonesty is the practice even when honesty is the stated policy.

(30)

A．Practice requires him to be honest.

B．Dishonesty is not a virtue.

C．Honesty may make him suffer.

D．Honesty is the best policy.

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第5题

听力原文：Lie detectors, those controversial assessors of truth, are making their way into

听力原文： Lie detectors, those controversial assessors of truth, are making their way into everyday life. Insurance companies use them to help catch people filing fraudulent claims. Suspicious spouses use hand-hand versions to judge whether their significant others are cheating. Interrogators for the US government use them to double check analysis of who might be terrorists.

Polygraphs, which have been used for decades, have been joined by new systems that purportedly analyze a person's voice, blush, pupil size and even brain waves for signs of deception. The devices range from costly experimental devices that use strings of electrodes or thermal imaging to ＄19. 95 palm-sized versions.

No studies have ever proven that lie detectors work. Many show that they assess truth as accurately as a coin flip; in other words, not at all. Still, some people have come to depend on them. The recent proliferation of lie detectors has reignited a decades-old debate over the ethics and politics of when and how they should be used and whether such important questions as guilt or innocence should be left to machines.

Mankind has looked for centuries for a physical indicator that would expose a liar. The Romans studied the entrails of suspected liars. In China, rice was shoved into the mouths of interviewees to measure how dry they were -- the drier the mouth, the more likely the person was lying, it was thought. Other cultures tried various chemical concoctions, but they worked no better than chance.

Especially since September 11, law enforcement agencies consider lie detection systems critical to their investigations. The CIA, FBI and Defense Department have spent millions of dollars on them. In an unusual plea made soon after the terrorist attacks, the government asked for the public's help in building counterterrorism technologies, among them a portable polygraph.

In the United States, there is a double standard when it comes to the use of polygraphs. Although the so-called lie detector is considered an important law enforcement tool, polygraph data are inadmissible as evidence in a court of law. The US Supreme Court forbade private companies from using them to screen job applicants, but allowed the government to use them for the same purpose.

As debate about polygraphs rages, the devices are being phased out in favor of voice analyzers, which are more portable and easier to use. A voice analyzer device typically consists of a telephone and microphone attached to a computer that packs neatly in a briefcase, or attached to any PC with the proper software installed. Most of the analyzers can be used in person or over the phone. Conversations can be tested in real time or recorded for later analysis.

First, the questioner asks an interviewee about something he or she would have no reason to lie about, such as "When's your birthday？" Then he asks what he really wants to ask. The device makes an assessment about whether the subject is telling the truth based on the differences between the inaudible microtremors in the voice during the first round of questioning and those in the second.

The federal government officially says it does not use these voice lie detectors. Still, the voice technology has its true believers, among them more than 1,200 police departments nationwide and tens of thousands of consumers.

The slightly more sophisticated Truster software program that runs on a desktop computer gives text rating of truthfulness. The companies that market these technologies say they are more than 80 percent accurate.

Though skeptical, Rick Garloff, a 35-year-old American, still said even if the systems are not great lie detectors, they are wonderful lie deterrents. He once used the Truster on his 9-year-old son, to see if he had forgotten to close a door, accidentally letting the d

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第6题

Alaska1In 1959 Americans welcomed Alaska into the Union as the 49th state, symbolizing a c

Alaska

1 In 1959 Americans welcomed Alaska into the Union as the 49th state, symbolizing a change of attitude from that held in 1867, when the peninsula was purchased from Russia. Then, most Americans had little interest in 1,500,000 square kilometers "of icebergs and polar bears" - beyond Canada's western borders, far from the settled areas of the United States.

2 In those sections of the state which lie above the Arctic Circle, Alaska still is a land of icebergs and polar bears. Ice masses lie buried in the earth, which is permanently frozen to a depth of 90 or more meters. From early May until early August, the midnight sun never sets on this flat, treeless region, but the sun cannot melt the icy soil more than two - thirds of a meter down.

3 Alaska is America's largest state, but only about 325,000 people live there. According to estimates, 800,000 hectares of its land area are fit for plowing but only about 640,000 hectares are being cultivated.

4 Arctic Alaska has been the home of Eskimos for countless centuries. It is believed that the Eskimos moved there from Mongolia or Siberia, probably crossing Bering Strait, named for Vitus Bering, the Danish sea captain who discovered Alaska on his voyage for Russia in 1741. The Eskimos are the state's earliest known inhabitants5. Russian fur traders established settlements but, by the time Alaska was sold to the United States, most of the traders had departed.

5 In 1896 gold was discovered near the Klondike River in Canada just across the Alaskan border. Thousands of Americans rushed to the region on their way to Klondike; some never returned. Alaska was never completely cut off again, although even today transportation is a major problem. There are only two motor routes from the US mainland, and within the state, every town has its own airfield. Planes fly passengers, mail and freight to the most distant villages.

6 The gold that changed life so suddenly for Alaska was soon ended, and although many stories about mining camps have become part of American literature, the gold from Alaskan earth contributed less to economic progress than the fish from Alaskan waters. The fish caught in a single year range in value from $80 million to $90 million. Fur-bearing animals are plentiful in the forests and streams, and valuable fur seals inhabit the waters. After fishing, the state's chief industry is lumber and the production of wood pulp. In recent years, Alaska's single most important resource has become oil. The state also has large deposits of coal, copper, gold and other minerals.

A Rich Resources of the State

B Connections with the Outside World

C Transportation Problem

D The Natives of the Land

E Cold Climate

F Land and Population

Paragraph 3 ______

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第7题

The Carnegie Foundation report says that many colleges have tried to be "all things to all

people". In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow-minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are of feted a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, driven by careerism, "the nation's colleges and universities are more successful in providing credentials(文凭) than in providing a quality education for their students." The report concludes that the special challenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an "into grated core" of common learning. Such a core would introduce students "to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus."

Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, they do much to undermine it. As one professor observed: "Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most." Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicate themselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure(终身任期), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculty say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among young scholars is that "There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of the publications."

When a college tries to be "all things to all people"(line 1, Para. 1), it aims to ______.

A．satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneously

B．focus on training students in various skills

C．encourage all sorts of people to attend college

D．make learning serve academic rather than productive ends

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第8题

Animals perform. many useful entertaining jobs. Dogs are particularlyvaluable in guiding t

Animals perform. many useful entertaining jobs. Dogs are particularly

valuable in guiding the blind, protecting property, finding losing 【M1】 ______

people, and hunting criminals. Horses are used in guarding herds, carrying

men in lands that there are no roads, and helping farmers work their 【M2】 ______

land. Pigeons have long used to carry messages. Wild animals from the 【M3】 ______

jungles, forests and seas are very popular performers in circuses and moving

pictures. People realized that, although animals may not have same 【M4】 ______

intelligence as human beings, they are enough smart to learn certain things. 【M5】 ______

The first thing a dog taught is to obey. It should not take too long for 【M6】 ______

him to learn commands. Simple orders, such as "sit, lie down, stay there,

come here," can even be taught by a child.

Training a dog to be a watchdog often produces unexpected results.

Soma dogs quickly learn the differences between unwanted people from 【M7】 ______

friends. This is because their masters welcome friends and invites them

into their house. However, some dogs will always attack the postman who

goes to deliver letters. One explanation for this behaviour is that, 【M8】 ______

the postman comes to the house often, he never enters the house. Therefore, 【M9】 ______

the dog thinks the postman is someone who is not wanted,

but keeps to come back anyway. 【M10】 ______

【M1】

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第9题

One truly remarkable achievement that sets us humans apart the 【M1】______ rest of the ani

mal kingdom is our creation and use of language. Although animals can communicate with one another, their limited number of calls and gestures are merely isolating signals that convey 【M2】______ very specific messages(for example, a greeting, a threat, summons to【M3】______ congregate)in much same way that single words or stereotyped phrases【M4】______ do in a human language. On contrast, human languages are amazingly 【M5】______ flexible and producing. From a small number of individually 【M6】______ meaningless sounds, a person who is proficient in a language can generate thousands of meaningful auditory patterns(syllables, words) that can then be combined according to a set of grammatical rules to produce an infinite number of messages. Language is also an inventive tool. Most of what people say or hear in any given situation is not merely a repetition of what they have said or heard before; speakers create novel utterances on the spot, and the topics they talk about may have nothing to do with his current situation or the stream of ongoing 【M7】______ events. Indeed, language is the only form. of communication by which we can easily produce a variety of messages that are blatantly untrue (as in a lie or a sarcastic utterance)and otherwise figurative in nature 【M8】______ (as in the simile "Shes like a breath of fresh air"). Yet, creative as we may be in generating new messages, but other people who know the 【M9】______ language will be able to understand any and all of our ideas as long as each of our statements adhere to the rules and conventions of the 【M10】______ language we are speaking.

【M1】

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