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Financial risks that arise from human or technical problems are______.
A．market risks
B．liquidity risks
C．operational risks
D．currency risks
答案
更多“Financial risks that arise from human or technical problems are______.A．market risksB．liqu”相关的问题
第1题
A．composers
B．competitors
C．inventors
D．creators
第2题
A．moral hazard
B．adverse selection
C．bad luck
D．financial panics
第3题
Financial Risks
Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing; the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk.
(46)They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing.(47)Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany.(48)The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost.
Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses.
(49)Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk, so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular market.
Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects.(50)International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. Before rates were permitted to float, devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.
A Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses.
B One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments.
C Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business1.
D The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards.
E Floating exchange rates of the world's major currencies have forced all marketers to be especially aware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning.
F Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation.
第4题
risks, savings, financial, funds, deposits, heart, complex, subject, appear,
repay, as, lose, reserve, returns, balance
Banks are crucial to a country's economy; they serve as the center point of the exchange of money throughout the economy. They gather【1】from small and large depositors, make loans, run the payments system, and coordinate【2】transactions. In developing countries, they usually are the【3】of the financial market and in industrial countries with【4】financial markets they still have a role as primary providers of financial services.
It is difficult for the layman to know if a bank is financially solid. Banks may【5】more solid than they really are. A bank that has loaned money to a borrower who is unable to【6】may keep the bad loan on its【7】sheet us long as possible, though the loan might never be paid back. Moreover, bank【8】are also somewhat precarious. A bank normally cannot refuse to accept deposits, but if, for whatever reason, its depositors【9】confidence in the bank's soundness, they may withdraw their【10】not only from that bank but also from other perfectly sound banks.
In seeking profits, banks lend on the basis of their customers' deposits, but not all deposits can be lent out. A certain share must be held in【11】. Competing institutions providing financial services are in a different situation since they are usually not【12】to reserve and prudential requirements. Firms selling equities do not promise fixed【13】and neither equities nor bonds are payable on demand,【14】are most bank deposits. Because of the pivotal role of banks and their vulnerability to unusual【15】, there seem to be good reasons to protect deposits through an appropriate insurance scheme and, in this way, to protect both the bank and the banking system.
(1)
第5题
&8226;Read the article below about the financial risks.
&8226;Choose the best sentence from the list A-G to fill each of the gaps.
&8226;For each gap (8-12), mark one letter (A-G) on your Answer Sheet.
&8226;Do not use any letter more than once.
Several types of financial risks are encountered in international marketing. The major problems include commercial, political and foreign exchange risks.
Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in everyday business. They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk, (8) which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing. One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments. Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or (9) One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards. The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost.
Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses. Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses. Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risks. As many companies have discovered sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk, (10) .
Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavourable effects. Floating exchange rates of the world's major currencies have forced all marketers (11) . International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. (12) devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.
A．Before rates were permitted to float
B．commercial, political and foreign exchange risks.
C．so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular market
D．Corporation can take some measure to avoid financial risks.
E．however, is competition
F．any other disagreement over which payment is withheld
G．to be especially aware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning
(8)
第6题
？Read the article below about financial risks.
？Choose the best sentence to fill each of the gaps,
？For each gap 8—12, mark one letter (A—a) on your Answer Sheet.
？De not use any letter more than once.
？There is an example at the beginning.
Financial Risks
Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing; the major problems include commercial, political and foreign exchange risks.
Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business. They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk, (8) which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing. One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments. Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or (9) . One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards. The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost. Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses. Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses. Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk, (10) .
Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavourable effects. Floating exchange rates of the world's major currencies have forced all marketers (11) . International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. (12) , devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.
A. After serious consideration
B. commercial, political and foreign exchange risks.
C. however, is competition
D. any other disagreement over which payment is withheld
E. to be especially aware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning
F. so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular market
G. Before rates were permitted to float
(8)
第7题
Who can spot the risks？
The grand circle that regulators have to square is this: how to establish a framework of regulation that accommodates the characteristics of the traditional specialised banking system and mark it off from other businesses. With the sort of diversified financial services that are actually evolving, the era of strictly compartmentalised financial institutions is passing, leaving the regulatory system designed to match it looking increasingly out of date.
A single omnipotent, omniscient regulator for all financial services remains dream. Many say it will stay that way, pointing out how long it took to get agreement just on rudimentary international rules for the capital adequacy of banks. Yet regulators everywhere acknowledge the need to cooperate more closely with their opposite numbers across industrial and geographical boundaries. They also agree that greater harmonisation of regulatory standards on everything from reporting requirements to risk assessment will come surely, if slowly.
Much of that is likely to be mere tidying up. A good place to start in America would be scrapping the separate regulation of thrifts, If they have been there is little reason not to regulate them as banks (and especially given the mess thrift regulators have made of the job) . It is what Japan has sensibly done by making its equivalent of thrifts, so go banks, choose to be either credit unions or to become commercial banks. Britain, too, has let those of its building societies with ambitions to be banks, and to be regulated as such.
These are moves in another right direction to switch away from regulation by institution, as mostly happens now, to regulation by function. This means that regulation becomes a matter of supervising what is done rather than who does it.
Unsystematic deregulation has brought the system to its present ugly pass. This has left an increasing number of competitive anomalies. Much of the pressure for, and resistance to, further change comes from those institutions that wish to alleviate or entrench their market disadvantage. In both America and Japan, the debates about reforming the domestic financial systems, and in particular about updating Glass - Steagall and Article 65 respectively, have been slowed by political horse - trading. This is making worse a situation in which competition is keeping the prices of many financial services artificially low and capacity artificially great in a way that cannot be sustained for long. Systemic risk gets greater, not less, the longer the system is skewed.
The point is long past at which regulators might have been able to force market practices back into the old regulatory framework. The global competitive and technological forces against them are too powerful. Neither is the option of turning back the clock through re - regulation feasible, and few regulators show signs either of wanting to undertake such a course, or of having the stomach for the political fight it would entail. Even in Japan, where regulators hold a sway over their industries that their counterparts in Europe and America can only envy, and where the financial system is being emerging new economy. This is being done with the grain of market forces, not against it.
Which "circle" do "the regulators have to square" according to paragraph 1？
A．To create a regulatory system that controls banks tightly enough.
B．To create a regulatory system that treats banks exactly like other financial institutions.
C．To create a regulatory system which limits financial innovations.
D．To create a regulatory system which provides a special position for banks.
第8题
11. Carrying out the business of such a huge company requires ().
12.() are those people who accept the opportunities and risks involved in creating and operating business.
13. A bookkeeper writes details of financial transactions in the .().
14. A sales agreement is a () by which ownership is transferred from a seller to a buyer.
15.() skills are the abilities to think in the abstract, to diagnose and analyze different situations, and to see beyond the present.
16. Economics is the () of how wealth is created and distributed.
17. Understanding buying behavior. helps marketers () how buyers will respond to marketing strategies.
18. E-business is about transforming businesses and integrating them with ().
19. Top () set policies, formulate strategies, polices and decision.
20. If you want to get securities services, you have to pay a ().
contract labor force predict study
internet technologies accounts
commission
entrepreneurs conceptual managers
第9题
In many of today's life insurance products, MacDonald notes, "The death benefit portion really has become a commodity type product, so if someone is really concerned about the financial impact of dying young, then they can get a pretty good deal by buying term insurance on a commodity basis—find the cheapest policy and buy it. "But, he says, " The other side of the coin is that insurance companies have developed products that can be very creative, and very competitive to other alternatives, including investments. They can fill a very important role in any overall investment plan. "
Diverse and universal policies offer people choices in how much they want to put into their policies and how they want their funds invested. These funds can then be tapped later on to provide a lump sum for purchasing a retirement home or a stream of retirement income. Life insurance is an attractive investment vehicle, because the " inside buildup" , the accumulation of funds inside a policy structrue, is not subject to taxes, in contrast to other personal investments.
However, MacDonald and others warn against using insurance policies purely as an investment. While there are tax advantages, there are also the costs connected with the insurance coverage, and if you don't need that coverage these can be expensive ways to invest.
Moreover, MacDonald notes that some companies are offering insurance that has a critical illness or long-term care benefit. These policies specify that if someone suffers a heart attack, for example, they will get 25% of the face amount of the insurance policy immediately rather than at death. Or if they must be confined to a nursing home, they will be able to use up to the face amount of the policy to pay the nursing home costs.
Amid the proliferation of insurance product, MacDonald says, "The positive side of it is there are better products—they're cheaper and more flexible. The negative side is that it's more complicated and easier to make a mistake. In the past, it was plain vanilla; everybody was selling the same product and everybody had to find an agent they liked. Now there has been significant changes in product structure and design, and benefits, and so it is worthwhile to shop around. "
The purpose of insurance is to______.
A．give you money whenever you need
B．protect you from financial risks
C．save money
D．outlive money
第10题
听力原文： In some countries certain kinds of insurance are compulsory. In others, most kinds are practically unknown. In addition, the cost of insurance and the type of coverage provided vary widely front country to country. But the basic principle of insurance remains the, same, that is, to share the possible risk.
Is it wise to spend money on insurance even though a claim may never be made？ Is keeping a spare tire in the car a waste investment, even if the tire is never needed？ The sense of security to the car driver may make the expense of the extra tire worthwhile. While financial compensation cannot make up for certain losses, it may compensate for other losses.
Much of the insurance bought by individuals fails into the categories of property, health, disability and life insurance.
Property insurance is to insure against the loss of property home, business, cars, or other possessions. It is among the most common form. of risk management.
Health insurance pays some medical expenses or may pay for only certain medical care. In many places workers may receive insurance as a condition of their employment.
Disability insurance provides some income if a person is injured and cannot work. Life insurance provides financial assistance to a person's dependents in case of his or her death. Such insurance has enabled many families to pay off outstanding debts and carry on their routine of life after the injury or the death of their main breadwinner.
(30)
A．Helping the needy to survive.
B．Sharing risks of possible losses.
C．Being compulsory in most countries.
D．Covering differently according to different situations.
