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The History of Labor Day Labor Day: How it Came About; What it Means "Labor Day differs in

The History of Labor Day

Labor Day: How it Came About; What it Means

"Labor Day differs in every essential way from the other holidays of the year in any country," said Samuel Gompers, founder and longtime president of the American Federation of Labor. "All other holidays are in a more or less degree connected with conflicts and battles of man's power over man, of strife and discord for greed and power, of glories achieved by one nation over another. Labor Day is devoted to no man, living or dead, to no sect, race, or nation."

Labor Day, the first Monday in September, is a creation of the labor movement and is dedicated to the social and economic achievements of American workers. It constitutes a yearly national tribute to the contributions workers have made to the strength, prosperity, and well-being of our country.

Founder of Labor Day

More than 100 years after the first Labor Day observance, there is still some doubt as to who first proposed the holiday for workers. Some records show that Peter J. McGuire, general secretary of the Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners and a cofounder of the American Federation of Labor, was first in suggesting a day to honor those "who from rude nature have delved and carved all the grandeur we behold." But Peter McGuire's place in Labor Day history has not gone unchallenged. Many believe that Matthew Maguire, a machinist, not Peter McGuire, founded the holiday. Recent research seems to support the contention that Matthew Maguire, later the secretary of Local 344 of the International Association of Machinists in Paterson, N.J., proposed the holiday in 1882 while serving as secretary of the Central Labor Union in New York. What is clear is that the Central Labor Union adopted a Labor Day proposal and appointed a committee to plan a demonstration and picnic.

The First Labor Day

The first Labor Day holiday was celebrated on Tuesday, September 5, 1882, in New York City, in accordance with the plans of the Central Labor Union. The Central Labor Union held its second Labor Day holiday just a year later, on September 5, 1883. In 1884 the first Monday in September was selected as the holiday, as originally proposed, and the Central Labor Union urged similar organizations in other cities to follow the example of New York and celebrate a "workingmen's holiday" on that date. The idea spread with the growth of labor organizations, and in 1885 Labor Day was celebrated in many industrial centers of the country.

Labor Day Legislation

Through the years the nation gave increasing emphasis to Labor Day. The first governmental recognition came through municipal ordinances passed during 1885 and 1886. From them developed the movement to secure state legislation. The first state bill was introduced into the New York legislature, but the first to become law was passed by Oregon on February 21, 1887. During the year four more states--Colorado, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York created the Labor Day holiday by legislative enactment. By the end of the decade Connecticut, Nebraska, and pennsylvania had followed suit. By 1894, 23 other states had adopted the holiday in honor of workers, and on June 28 of that year, Congress passed an act making the first Monday in September of each year a legal holiday in the District of Columbia and the territories.

A Nationwide Holiday

The form. that the observance and celebration of Labor Day should take were outlined in the first proposal of the holiday—a street parade to exhibit to the public "the strength and esprit de corps of the trade and labor organizations" of the community, followed by a festival for the recreation and amusement of the workers and their families. This became the pattern for the celebrations of Labor Day. Speeches by prominent men and women were introduced later, as more emphasis w

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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发布时间：2020-07-18
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更多“The History of Labor Day Labor Day: How it Came About; What it Means "Labor Day differs in”相关的问题

第1题

What's the main idea of Para 3？A．The division of labor and other economic changes.B．The ne

What's the main idea of Para 3？

A．The division of labor and other economic changes.

B．The need for disciplined product planning came out.

C．The introduction of the new order.

D．The history of the term "design".

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第2题

听力原文：The theory once advanced in the nineteenth century—that the productivity of the l
and can be infinitely increased by the application of capital, labor, and science—is wrong. History has shown that once the natural life-support systems of a civilization have been sufficiently damaged, they cannot usually be repaired. The ancient deforestation and overgrazing of the Mediterranean region is a famous example. Today, a global civilization is mining the global environment.

The Mediterranean region is cited as an example of ______.

A．the ability of nature to remedy human destruction

B．the ability of people to make use of natural resources

C．the manner in which people replenish the environment

D．the effects of human abuse of natural resources

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第3题

Slavery has played a significant role in the history of the U. S. It existed in all the En
glish mainland colonies and most of the Founding Fathers also had slaves, as did eight of the first 12 presidents.

Dutch traders brought 20 Africans to Jamestown, Virginia, as early as 1619, however, throughout the 17 th century the number of Africans in the English mainland colonies grew very slowly. At that time, colonists used two other sources of unfree labor: Native American slaves and European indentured servants.

During those years, every colony had some Native American slaves, but their number was limited. Indian men avoided performing agricultural labor, because they viewed it as women' s work, and colonists complained that they were too "haughty". The more important was that the settlers found it more convenient to sell Native Americans captured in war to planters in the Caribbean than to turn them into slaves, because they often resisted and it was not hard for the slaves to escape. Later, the policy of killing Indians or driving them away from white settlements was proposed and it contradicted with their widespread employment as slaves.

The other form. of labor was the white indentured servitude. Most indentured servants consisted of poor Europeans. Desiring to escape tough conditions in Europe and take advantage of fabled opportunities in America, they traded three to seven years of their labor in exchange for the transatlantic passage. At first, it was mainly English who were the white indentured servitude but later increasingly Irish, Welsh, and German joined. They were essentially temporary slaves and most of them served as agricultural workers although some, especially in the North, were taught skilled trades. During the 17th century, they performed most of heavy labor in the Southern colonies and also consisted of the bulk of immigrants to those colonies.

At the end of the 17 th century, in order to meet the labor need, landowners in America turned to African slaves. During the late 17th and 18th centuries, thanks to the dominant position of England in terms of naval superiority, English traders (some of whom lived in English America) transported millions of Africans across the Atlantic. And the transatlantic slave trade produced one of the largest forced migrations in history, blacks (the great majority of whom were slaves) increasing from about 7 percent of the American population in 1680 to more than 40 percent by the middle of the 18th century.

Which of the following was true of the slavery in America？

A．The colonists sold African Americans to planters in the Caribbean.

B．Native American slaves performed agricultural labor.

C．During the 17th century, the white indentured servitude was the main labor in the Southern colonies.

D．It was at the end of the 17th century that African people began to be brought to America.

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第4题

两个国家处于相同的发展阶段，两者的主要区别是一个国家有长期的价格稳定历史，而另一个国家连续几
年里通货膨胀率很高。讨论这两个国家的劳动力市场制度可能有怎样的差异。 Consider two countries at similar stages of economic development．The main difference between them is that one has a long history of price stability while the other has undergone high rates of inflation for several years．Discuss how labor—market institutions are likely to differ between the two countries．

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第5题

听力原文：Roosevelt was the only president in American history who served more than two ter

听力原文： Roosevelt was the only president in American history who served more than two terms. And he's remembered by the Americans as a grey patriot.

He was born in a rich family and had studied in Harvard University. At the age of forty, he was stricken with infantile paralysis and lost his ability to walk normally. In spite of his poor health, he was still elated governor of New York in 1928 on the Democratic ticket. In 1932, he was elected President. Within three months after he moved in the White House, Roosevelt presented to Congress more than 70 bills for approval which were generally known as his "New Deal".

This "New Deal" was to strike some kind of balance between different branches of national economy and reduce the gap between production and consumption. The "New Deal" enlarged government interference in production and circulation, but it took no measure against private ownership of means of production. It readjusted the distribution of social wealth，but exploitation remained legal．But workers' conditions in general achieved some improvement and progress was made in labor organization．

He achieved some success in revitalizing American economy and derived his fame from the“New Deal”as a man of confidence．

(33)

A．In 1928.

B．In 1929.

C．In 1932.

D．In 1940.

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第6题

From the beginning, migration has been one of the most conspicuous features of human histo
ry. Humanity did not appear simultaneously all over the earth but, according to the current scientific consensus, first evolved in Africa, and from there spread far and wide. Even after mankind had populated most of the planet, migration continued to play a decisive role in history down the centuries, as people contended for territory and the resources that go with it. In many of historys biggest movements of people, the migrants were not volunteers. In the 17th and 18th centuries, 15 million people were taken as slaves from Africa and shipped to Brazil, the Caribbean and North America. In the 19th century, between 10 and 40 million indentured workers (契约工人，苦力) were sent in vast numbers around the world, mainly from China and India. The 20th centurys wars in Europe and Asia displaced millions more. But perhaps the most intense episode of migration-under-duress (强迫) in modern times occurred after the partition of India in 1947, when 7 million Muslims fled India for the new state of Pakistan and 7 million Hindus fled in the opposite direction. As individuals, not merely as members of races or religions in flight, people have always traveled in search of a better life. Between the middle of the 19th century and the start of the second world war, 60 million people left Europe and move overseas to the United States, Canada, Latin America, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Much of this movement was guided by economic calculation. Most modern migration is of this kind, though nowadays the pull is high wages rather than cheap land. For the 19th century or so, the pattern of migration has shifted a good deal, with changes in government policy playing a key role. Until 1914 governments imposed almost no controls. This allowed the enormous 19th-century movement of migrants from Europe to North America. Between 1914 and 1945, partly reflecting security concerns, migration was curtailed. Many countries excluded immigrants. Americas Congress passed laws aiming to preserve the countrys racial and religious make-up. After 1945 came another great change. Many European countries faced labor shortages. Governments actively recruited immigrants for jobs in their expanding industries. Migration surged again, now not mainly from Europe to North America but from the developing countries to the rich ones. The next big change came in the 1970s. The rich countries were no longer growing quickly and struggling with labor shortages. Recession came to Europe and America, and immigration rules were tightened again. This more restrictive regime continues to apply.

In human history, people migrated because of all of the following EXCEPT______.

A．their fight for territory and resources

B．their religious beliefs

C．their races

D．their sexes

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第7题

Human migrations （迁移) within recorded history have transformed the entire character of l

Human migrations (迁移) within recorded history have transformed the entire character of lands and continents and the composition of their racial, ethnic and language groups. The map of Europe, for example, is the product of several major early migrations involving the Germanic peoples, the Slaves, and the Turks. The overseas migration of Europeans during this period totaled about 60 million people.

The largest migration in history has been called the Great Atlantic Migration from Europe to North America, the first major wave of which began in the 1840's with mass movements from Ireland and Germany. In the 1880's, a second and larger wave developed from eastern and southern Europe; between 1880 and 1910 some 17 million Europeans entered the United States. The total number of Europeans reaching tile United States amounted to 37 million between 1820 and 1980. From 1801 to 1914 about 7.5 million people moved from Europe to Asiatic Russia, and between World War I and II about 6 million more chose to move there, not counting the vast number of deportees (被遗返回国者) who were forced to go to Siberia's labor camps. Since World War Ⅱ the largest migrations have involved groups from developing countries moving to the industrialized nations. Some 13 million people moved across borders to become permanent residents of Western Europe from the 1960's through the 1980's, and more than 10 million permanent immigrants were admitted Legally to the United States in that same period, with illegal immigration adding several millions more.

Slave migrations and mass expulsions (排斥) also have been part of human history for thousands of years. The largest slave migrations were probably those compelled by European slave traders operating in Africa from the 16th to the 19th century; perhaps 20 million slaves were taken to the America, though a large number died in terrible conditions of the trip across the Atlantic Ocean. The largest mass expulsions have probably been those imposed by Nazi Germany, which deported 7 to 8 million persons during World War Ⅱ. The major trend in internal migration during the 20th century has been the movement from rural to urban areas. As a consequence, urban growth since World War II has been very rapid in much of the world, particularly in developing countries.

What is the main idea of the passage？

A．The map of Europe is the product of several major early migrations.

B．Human migrations within recorded history have changed the world.

C．The overseas migration of Europeans totaled about 60 million people.

D．The first major wave of migration began in the 1840's.

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第8题

passage two：questions 26～30 are based on the following passage. Henry Ford, the famous
U.S. inventor and car manufacturer, once said, “The business of America is business.” By this he meant that the U.S. way of life is based on the values of the business world.

Few would argue with Ford’s statement. A brief glimpse at a daily newspaper vividly shows how much people in the United States think about business. For example, nearly every newspaper has a business section, in which the deals and projects, finances and management, stock prices and labor problems of corporations are reported daily. In addition, business news can appear in every other section. Most national news has an important financial aspect to it. Welfare, foreign aid, the federal budget, and the policies of the Federal Reserve Bank are all heavily affected by business. Moreover, business news appears in some of the unlikeliest places. The world of arts and entertainment is often referred to as “the entertainment industry” or “show business.”

The positive side of Henry Ford’s statement can be seen in the prosperity that business has brought to U.S. life. One of the most important reasons so many people from all over the world come to live in the United States is the dream of a better job. Jobs are produced in abundance （大量地） because the U.S. economic system is driven by competition. People believe that this system crates more wealth, more jobs, and a materially better way of life.

The negative side of Henry Ford’s statement, however, can be seen when the word business is taken to mean big business. And the term big business—referring to the biggest companies, is seen in opposition to labor. Throughout U.S. history working people have had to fight hard for higher wages, better working conditions, and the fight to form. unions. Today, many of the old labor disputes are over, but there is still some employee anxiety. Downsizing—the laying off of thousands of workers to keep expenses low and profits high—creates feelings of insecurity for many.

第26题：The United States is a typical country ________.

A．which encourages free trade at home and abroad

B．where people’s chief concern is how to make money

C．where all businesses are managed scientifically

D．which normally works according to the federal budget

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第9题

InformationInformation-processed by human brainwork into knowledge and integrated and intu

Information

Information-processed by human brainwork into knowledge and integrated and intuited into wisdom-has quite suddenly become the world&39;s most important resources. As far as what will happen in the future as we can see, information will be playing the leading role in world history that physical labor, stone, bronze, land, minerals, metals, and energy once played.

(46). We must burn into our consciousness how very different sort of informastion comes from all of its predecessors as civilization&39;s dominant resources.

Information expends as it is used. Information is less hungry for other resources. The higher the tech, the less energy and raw materials are needed(47). Information is readily transportable. Information is shared, not exchanged; it gives rise to sharing transactions (交易, 处理) ,not to exchange transactions.

(48):Why, in our communities and our world, nobody can possibly be in general charge. Why more and more diversity had better be the law of life on this Planet. Why people have to find ways to be different together, in Bosnia and Rwanda and Cambodia and the Middle East, but also in New York and California and Minesota(49). Why, since information can&39;t really be owned, the phrase "intellectual property" is an oxymoron (予盾修饰法). Why the new fairness revolutions, claims by ever-smarter disadvantage majorities around the world, cannot much longer be denied or ignored. Why, more and more, the followers so often get to the policy answers before their leaders catch on.

We&39;re living at a very special moment in humankind&39;s long ascent toward civilized behavior(50), sparked by information science and information technology, which have now made the human species, for the first time, the lead actor in its own evolution.

(46)

A These simple, pregnant propositions provide new answers to some of the biggest "why" questions of the exciting times just ahead of us

B It is the consequence of the enormous advantages of science and technology

C Why we will have to change our ways of thinking about work, and possibly even chop away the linkage between working and making a living

D Information can, and increasingly does, replace land, labor, and capital

E To manage future complexities, we certainly can&39;t keep using the concepts that served us so well in the industrial era

F Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities

(47)

A These simple, pregnant propositions provide new answers to some of the biggest "why" questions of the exciting times just ahead of usB It is the consequence of the enormous advantages of science and technologyC Why we will have to change our ways of thinking about work, and possibly even chop away the linkage between working and making a livingD Information can, and increasingly does, replace land, labor, and capitalE To manage future complexities, we certainly can&39;t keep using the concepts that served us so well in the industrial eraF Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities

(48)

A These simple, pregnant propositions provide new answers to some of the biggest "why" questions of the exciting times just ahead of usB It is the consequence of the enormous advantages of science and technologyC Why we will have to change our ways of thinking about work, and possibly even chop away the linkage between working and making a livingD Information can, and increasingly does, replace land, labor, and capitalE To manage future complexities, we certainly can&39;t keep using the concepts that served us so well in the industrial eraF Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities

(49)

A These simple, pregnant propositions provide new answers to some of the biggest "why" questions of the exciting times just ahead of usB It is the consequence of the enormous advantages of science and technologyC Why we will have to change our ways of thinking about work, and possibly even chop away the linkage between working and making a livingD Information can, and increasingly does, replace land, labor, and capitalE To manage future complexities, we certainly can&39;t keep using the concepts that served us so well in the industrial eraF Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities

(50)

A These simple, pregnant propositions provide new answers to some of the biggest "why" questions of the exciting times just ahead of usB It is the consequence of the enormous advantages of science and technologyC Why we will have to change our ways of thinking about work, and possibly even chop away the linkage between working and making a livingD Information can, and increasingly does, replace land, labor, and capitalE To manage future complexities, we certainly can&39;t keep using the concepts that served us so well in the industrial eraF Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

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第10题

This is the "designer" age. People in the West talk of designer labels and designer violen
ce. The word "designer" has become an adjective loaded with the symbolism and imagery of the consumer society. For the first time in history, it is possible to live a "designer lifestyle"— if you can afford it.

But what does the word "design" mean？ The subject of design covers a wide range of activities, from materials technology at the hard end to styling and marketing at the soft end. The number of people who have made a contribution to the history of design at any of these levels is vast. Actually the term can also be confined to meaning the people who had the ideas and who invented the forms which changed our taste.

The term "design" as we now use it is a modern invention, a product of the division of labor and other economic changes thrown up by the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries. With the rise of mechanized production and standardized products, there came the need for disciplined product planning. No longer did the person who had an idea for something go on to make it. The new order, in which the designer had the idea and the factory-worker manufactured it, meant the designer achieved a new and unprecedented status in the system.

The 20th century design has had an important influence on the Western way of life. Objects have acquired not only culture status, but massive symbolic significance through people's perceptions of them. The Coca-Cola bottle--the most famous bottle in the world and the classic piece of modern package design now symbolizes the power of the 20th century Western civilization to penetrate and erode other cultures. From modern painters such as Warhol to many contemporary films, Coca-Cola has become a symbol of cultural imperialism, and is such a familiar part of the consumer landscape that it is almost invisible.

The possibility that the Coca-Cola bottle was too familiar worried the company so much that several years ago they redesigned the famous logo and the bottle, and changed the taste of the syrup as part of an on-going battle with rival company Pepsi. So loud was the public outcry, however, that the company quickly reinstated all three.

Making an image and making an object have become indivisible parts of the design process. Coca-Cola owns nothing more than the recipe for a syrup and the copyright on a logo, yet it is a multimillion dollar business.

Now design is at the cutting edge of business competition. The importance of design has changed through the various phases of industrial growth, and in the years to come it will increasingly assume a high priority in corporate. Today, placing the idea of quality foremost in purchasers' minds is so important that it has spawned a new science-design technology. In today's business environment, the research and development of design ideas has become an essential part of the manufacturing and selling processes.

How many meanings does the author give the term "design"？

A．2

B．3

C．4

D．5

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