As Henrik Christensen pointed out, three big concerns related to robots were security, saf

A.英国

B.美国

C.丹麦

D.加拿大

The Little Tea Room

Blumberg 77

Adlkofen, Germany

Dr. Johannes Spieker

Hinterkirchstrasse 15

Frieburg, Germany

Dear Dr. Spieker: January 7, 20__

I wanted to write and personally thank you for your kind effort in helping to tend to one of our (150) at our restaurant in her time of need. Briana Hilton, the woman you helped resuscitate on Monday, gave me your name and address when I spoke to her on the phone today. You (151) be glad to know that she is recovering in the hospital and is almost ready to be released. As it turns out, you assumed correctly that the woman was suffering from a severe and sudden allergic reaction to nuts. She had neglected to inform. the waitress that she couldn't eat any food containing nuts. Your skill and presence of mind saved her from suffering a terrible tragedy. Please bring your family in for a complimentary meal at your earliest convenience so (152) I may thank you in person.

Sincerely,

Henrik Andresen, Manager

(50)

A．doctors

B．nurses

C．customers

D．employees

&8226;Read the emails below．

&8226;Complete the table on the opposite page．

&8226;Write a word or phrase(in CAPITAL LETTERS)or a number on lines 41-45．on your Answer Sheet．

Hi，Colleen，

There are a few changes in the original plan for Ms．Garcia's visit on Wednesday 20．October．The flight is due at 11：00．and it's about 45-minute drive to our company．At 12：30，the lunch will be at the Swan HoteI instead of the White Hart．At 16：00，Tom McAIlister will show the video about our new product．Carol Snape will be absent．As John Sallis has to leave early．Sue Smith will take Ms．Garcia to the airport．Could you please inform. Ms．Garcia of the changes？ThanksHenrik

Hi，Henrik，

I'll send Ms．Garcia a new journey plan at once．

Best regards，

Colleen

[Journey Plan]

DATE：(41)______

11：45． arrival at(42)______

12：30．lunch at(43)______

14：00． Meeting in boardroom

15：30． Coffee break

16：00．Product presentation

(made by(44)______)

18：00． (45)______to accompany Ms．Garcia to the airport

(41)

Trust Me, I Am a Robot

Robot safety: as robots move into homes and offices, ensuring that they do not injure people will be vital. But how？

The incident

In 1981 Kenji Urada, a 37-year-old Japanese factory worker, climbed over a safety fence at a Kawasaki plant to carry out some maintenance work on a robot. In his haste, he failed to switch the robot off properly. Unable to sense him, the robot's powerful hydraulic arm kept on working and accidentally pushed the engineer into a grinding machine. His death made Urada the first recorded victim to die at the hands of a robot.

This gruesome industrial accident would not have happened in a world in which robot behaviour was governed by the Three Laws of Robotics drawn up by Isaac Asimov, a science-fiction writer. The laws appeared in I, Robot, a book of short stories published in 1950 that inspired a recent Hollywood film. But decades later the laws, designed to prevent robots from harming people either through action or inaction, remain in the realm of fiction.

Indeed, despite the introduction of improved safety mechanisms, robots have claimed many more victims since 198 I. Over the years people have been crushed, hit on the head, welded and even had molten aluminium poured over them by robots. Last year there were 77 robot-related accidents in Britain alone, according to the Health and Safety Executive.

More related issues

With robots now poised to emerge from their industrial cages and to move into homes and workplaces, roboticists are concerned about the safety implications beyond the factory floor. To address these concerns, leading robot experts have come together to try to find ways to prevent robots from harming people. Inspired by the Pugwash Conferences--an international group of scientists, academics and activists founded in 1957 to campaign for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons—the new group of robo-ethicists met earlier this year in Genoa, Italy, and announced their initial findings in March at the European Robotics Symposium in Palermo, Sicily.

"Security, safety and sex are the big concerns," says Henrik Christensen, chairman of the European Robotics Network at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, and one of the organisers of the new robo-ethics group. Should robots that are strong enough or heavy enough to crush people be allowed into homes？ Is "system malfunction" a justifiable defence for a robotic fighter plane that contravenes the Geneva Convention and mistakenly fires on innocent civilians？ And should robotic sex dolls resembling children be legally allowed？

These questions may seem esoteric but in the next few years they will become increasingly relevant, says Dr. Christensen. According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's World Robotics Survey, in 2002 the number of domestic and service robots more than tripled, nearly surpassing their industrial counterparts. By the end of 2003 there were more than 600,000 robot vacuum cleaners and lawn mowers — a figure predicted to rise to more than 4m by the end of next year. Japanese industrial firms are racing to build humanoid robots to act as domestic helpers for the elderly, and South Korea has set a goal that 100% of households should have domestic robots by 2020. In light of all this, it is crucial that we start to think about safety and ethical guidelines now, says Dr. Christensen.

Difficulties

So what exactly is being done to protect us from these mechanical menaces？ "Not enough," says Blay Whitby, an artificial-intelligence expert at the University of Sussex in England. This is hardly surprising given that the field of "safety-critical computing" is barely a decade old, he says. But things are changing, and researchers are increasingly taking an interest in trying to make robots safer.

Regulating the behaviour of robots is going

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B．N

C．NG

Final stars under microscope

At the kick-off of Wednesday evening's UEFA Champions League final, there were 16 players on the Stade de France turf whose next assignment will be in Germany in June.

With little over three weeks before the start of the FIFA World Cup, the match duly offered FIFA-worldcup, cons an ideal last chance to assess the form. of some of the summer's likely headline-makers.

Jens Lehmann(GER, Arsenal)

It is net easy to evaluate a player who spent only 18 minutes on the pitch. In this highly limited time span, the Mannschaft's first-choice keeper was only called upon to repel a couple of straightforward shots, one from Ludovic Giuly and the other from Deco. That said, his first goal-kick was wayward and with his confidence affected, he then restricted himself to short passes to his defenders. Caught out in a one-on-one with Samuel Eto'o, Lehmann was rightly dismissed for felling his opponent and watched the majority of the match from the stands.

Carlos Puyol(ESP, Barcelona)

For a long time, it looked as though Thierry Henry would never succeed in shaking off his shaggy-haired marker. Solid and tigerish, the Spanish central defender allowed the Arsenal striker very little space for the first hour of the game. But as time went on, he seemed to increasingly struggle to keep up with the Gunners' attacks. No doubt his long and punishing season has caught up with him, but a few weeks' rest should see him restored to his best in time for Germany.

Rafael Marquez(MEX, Barcelona)

While always precise and effective with the ball at his feet, the Mexican defender was regularly troubled by the pace of Henry. Rescued by his goalkeeper in the third minute after being caught flat-footed by the French striker, he could have been sent off a few moments later for a tackle front behind that caught the same player on the ankle. Like Puyol, he was guilty of allowing opposing players to get in be- hind him too often during the second half.

Giovanni van Bronckhorst(NED, Barcelona)

Although excellent on the counter, the Dutchman is not really a natural defender. Always looking to get forward, he has a tendency to drift from his left-back position into a more advanced role. You would not want to change him too much, though, for just like Marco van Basten's Orange side, Barcelona got considerable rewards from his forward forays. Moreover, he never stopped running until the final whistle.

Emmanuel Eboue(CIV, Arsenal)

Cote d'Ivoire has one of the best right-backs in the world. Active, willing and technically adept, Eboue left a really positive impression on the Stade de France crowd. Hurt in a first-half clash with Giovanni van Bronckhorst, he seemed to struggle somewhat after that, but the fact that Samuel Eto'o and Ronaldinho-whom he found himself up against most often-shone only fleetingly was to a large extent down to him. The only feature of his game that might work against him in Germany is an unwelcome tendency to complain.

Kolo Toure(CIV, Arsenal)

The linchpin of Arsenal's defence, Kolo Toure is one player who can justifiably feel hard done by at having lost this final. So sparkling was his individual perfromance that, whether faced by Ronaldinho, Eto'o or Henrik Larsson, the Ivorian always looked comfortable. Invariably positioned in the ideal spot, Toure seemed to be omnipresent(无所不在的) on the pitch. His understanding with countryman Eboue is a big plus for club and country and he is sure to be a vital cog in Henri Michel's machine this summer. Sol Campbell(ENG, Arsenal)

If his club had lifted the trophy with the big ears, then Sol Campbell would surely have been elevated to the rank of hero. His imperious header may have given the English team the advantage, but in the end, he was repeatedly found wanting as Barcelona proceeded to wrest control of the encounter from their oppo

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B．N

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