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Any frozen treat can be called ice cream.
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
答案
更多“Any frozen treat can be called ice cream.A．YB．NC．NG”相关的问题
第1题
How Ice Cream Works
The U.S. ice cream industry sells about a million gallons of ice cream each year, dispensing cones, gallons, pints, sundaes and other desserts through grocery stores and ice cream shops, In fact, eight percent of all the milk produced in the U.S. ends up in a frozen dairy product.
Ice Cream or Frozen Dessert？
Not just any frozen treat can be called ice cream. In fact, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has specific rules that define what can and can&39;t be labeled "ice cream". To bear the "Meets USDA Ingredient Standard for Ice Cream" stamp, it has to contain at least 10 percent milk fat, and a minimum of six percent non-fat milk solids. A gallon has to weigh at least 4.5 pounds.
The range of milk fat (sometimes referred to as butter fat) used in ice cream can go from the minimum 10 percent to a maximum of about 16 percent. Most premium ice creams use 14 percent milk fat. Higher fat content leads to better, richer taste and a creamier texture. Ice cream makers don&39;t go higher than 16 percent because it would be costly and very high in calories. An ice cream with this much milk fat would also taste so rich that people would probably eat it in smaller amounts, which would be bad news for people who sell ice cream for a living.
Other frozen desserts, such as sorbets (果汁冰糕), low-fat ice cream, and frozen yogurt, are not technically ice cream at all. Frozen custard is ice cream that has at least 1.4 percent egg yolk solids, and "soft serve" can be any frozen milk-based dessert that has not gone through the hardening process--more on that later.
In terms of specific ingredients, the recipe for ice cream is simple. But in scientific terms, it&39;s complicated stuff. Ice cream is a colloid, a type of emulsion (乳状液). An emulsion is a combination of two substances that don&39;t normally mix together. Instead, one of the substances is dispersed throughout the other. In ice cream, molecules of fat are suspended in a water-sugar- ice structure along with air bubbles. The presence of air means that ice cream is also technically a foam.
In addition to milk fat, non-fat milk solids, sugar, and air, ice cream also contains stabilizers and emulsifiers. Stabilizers help hold the air bubble structure together and give the ice cream a better texture. Although gelatin(凝胶) was originally used as a stabilizer, xanthan gum, guar gum, and other compounds are used today. Emulsifiers keep the ice cream smooth and aid the distribution of the fat molecules throughout the colloid. Egg yolks were once used, but ice cream manufacturers now tend to use other chemical compounds. These stabilizers and emulsifiers make up a very small proportion (less than one percent) of the ice cream.
Making Ice Cream
Whether it&39;s being made in your kitchen with a hand crank, at a local homemade ice cream shop with a stand-alone ice cream maker, or in a factory that cranks out thousands of gallons of ice cream every day, the process of making ice cream is basically the same. The only difference is the scale of the operation.
First, you need ice cream mix. You can buy commercially made ice cream mix that is set to a certain milk fat content. Ice cream factories usually make their own mix by combining milk, cream and sugar in a 3,000 gallon vat, with the proportions and mixing controlled by computers. The mix is then pasteurized (用巴氏法灭菌 ), or heated, to kill any harmful bacteria. If you were to make your own mix at home, you could pasteurize it by cooking it in a double boiler, or use an egg substitute or pasteurized egg product. This step is important, because otherwise people who eat your homemade ice cream could get sick due to salmonella contamination. According to the Centers for Disease Control, those most at risk include the elderly, very young children, and people with compromised immune systems.
The next step in production is adding flavor to the mix. There are thousands of varieties of ice cream, so just about any combination of flavors is possible. From vanilla to cinnamon, chocolate to triple chocolate fudge brownie, it all gets blended into the ice cream mix. In a factory, this step takes place in vats that hold hundreds of gallons of ice cream, while giant steel paddles do the mixing. In your kitchen, a large bowl and a food mixer will work, or even a wooden spoon and muscle power if you want some exercise. Solid chunks such as pieces of fruit, chocolate chunks, marshmallows, and candy are added later. The next step is where and ice cream making machine comes into play. The mix has to be simultaneously frozen and whipped. In a factory, this happens in a giant tube surrounded by pipes. The pipes contain chemicals such as ammonia that freeze the tube, but the ammonia never comes into contact with the ice cream. The ice cream mix is pumped through the tube, where it gets cold very quickly. A dasher, or blade, turns inside the tube. This whips the mixture, introducing the air bubbles that help give ice cream its structure. The dasher also scrapes the sides of the tube, clearing off ice crystals that form. there. This prevents large ice crystals from ruining the flavor and texture of the ice cream. All the elements of this process are carefully monitored and controlled by computers. Most homemade ice cream shops use a batch freezer for this step, where the same process happens on a smaller scale.
This step can be accomplished at home with a rock salt/ice mixture for freezing and a hand or electric cranked dasher to mix and scrape off the ice crystals.
Once the ice cream has come out of the ice cream maker, the process isn&39;t finished. At this point, the mixture is frozen, but still soft. Large chunks of candy and other goodies are now added. Then the ice cream is placed into containers. Factory machines pour it straight into cartons or buckets, or it can be extruded(挤压出)into shapes that have wooden sticks placed into them for individual treats.
Now the ice cream needs to be reduced to a very low temperature, zero degrees Fahrenheit or below. Factories make it even colder since they need the ice cream to stay frozen while it is packaged and loaded onto trucks. It needs to be very cold to freeze the ice cream quickly and prevent the formation of large ice crystals. This process is known as hardening. "Soft-serve" is often simply ice cream that has not gone through this process.
We&39;ll learn about the ice cream industry in the next section.
Ice Cream Industry
In 1999, retail sales of ice cream in the U.S., the worldwide leader in ice cream production, topped $4 billion. In 2002, more that $20 billion was spent on frozen desserts. The leading states in ice cream consumption are California, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Texas and New York . Americans ate an average of 21.5 quarts of ice cream per person in 2004.
With that much money to be made, the ice cream industry can be secretive and underhanded(秘密的). Deborah Hanny, owner of Sweet Jenny&39;s Ice cream in Williamsville, NY, protects her recipes carefully. Her shop has been photographed by men in suits and she once caught someone in he upstairs office hurriedly trying to copy down her recipes.
Ice cream making secrets are seldom passed down from generation to generation these days. So where do people in the ice cream industry learn their craft？ At ice cream school. Pennsylvania State University offers a week-long "Ice Cream Short Course" intended for industry professionals. The course teaches the science and technology used to make ice cream. The also offer Ice Cream 101 for ice cream hobbyists who just want to learn more about their favorite frozen treat. The University of Guelph, Ontario&39;s Dairy Science and Technology school, also has a long history of teaching ice cream science.
1. Eight percent of all the milk produced in the U.S. ends up in a frozen dairy product.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
Any frozen treat can be called ice cream.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
In addition to milk fat, non-fat milk solids, sugar, and air, ice cream also contains stabilizers and emulsifiers.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
The process of making ice cream at home is different from that in a factory.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
Once the ice cream has come out of the ice cream maker, the process is finished.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
Ice cream making secrets are passed down from generation to generation these days.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
Many universities in U.S.A. offer courses of ice cream science.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
The range of milk fat used in ice cream can go ______.
In 1999, retail sakes of ice cream in the U.S. topped ______.
With that much money to be made, the ice cream industry can be ______.
请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！
第2题
第3题
听力原文： Long ago, people had no way of keeping food from spoiling. So they ate all they possibly could and hoped it wouldn't be too long before the next meal. Mealtime was any time they found food, so they were either stuffed or starved most of the time.
No one knows for sure how people first learned to preserve food. Maybe they accidentally left food in the sun and discovered that the dried food kept longer. Maybe they left food by the fire and found out that cooked food not only kept longer, but tasted better. Somehow someone learned that salt helps preserve meat, fish and even vegetables. For example, pickles are cucumbers that are preserved with salt. Through the years people have continued to learn new and better ways of preserving food from one growing season to another. Today millions of people work in jobs that have something to do with food preservation.
Suppose you were walking up and down the aisles of a modern supermarket. On the shelves you would find food preserved in many different ways. You would see canned tomatoes and peaches in glass jars. These foods were first sealed in airtight containers and then heated to high temperature. If there was a break in the seal, the food would soon spoil You would also see dried and powdered food on the shelves. You would see prunes and raisins. You would see powdered milk and powdered eggs. Some dried foods, such as onions and potatoes, can of course be kept for tong.
If you walked past the dairy counter, you would find many foods that have been treated to kill any harmful germs that might have been in them. Milk is a good example. It may be unsafe to drink ram milk, that is, milk just as it comes from the cow. If the milk is heated and then cooled, the harmful germs are killed. The man who discovered this way of treating milk was a Frenchman named Louis Pasteur. Milk so treated is called pasteurized milk and the process is called pasteurization.
In the supermarket you would also find many frozen foods, frozen fruits, vegetables, meat and fish. Because techniques for freezing food are being improved, more and more frozen foods are appearing on the market, and more and more people are buying them. Fruits and vegetables sold in the supermarket are often frozen as soon as they are picked. The sooner fruits and vegetables are frozen, the better freezing machines can be taken into fields where the food grows, so that little time is lost between picking and freezing.
Many Americans with large families now have their own freezers and freeze their own food. Because fruits and vegetables are cheaper when they are in season, a housewife often buys more than she can use in a few days or even in a week and then freezes the rest. Preparing food for the freezer is a fairly simple process. To prepare strawberries, for example, the housewife simply needs to clean them, put them on a tray in the freezer for a few hours, then put them in plastic bags. Bread, cakes, cooked and uncooked pies can also be kept in a freezer.
With the improvement in methods of food preservation, people no longer have to stuff one day and starve another. They can have a well-balanced diet all year round.
Questions:
16. Which of the following is NOT an early way to keep food from spoiling？
17.Which of the following statements is TRUE about milk？
18.How can peaches sold in a supermarket be preserved, according to this talk？
19.How do most American housewives deal with fruits and vegetables？
20.According to this talk, what is NOT needed when strawberries are stored in a freezer？
(36)
A．Pasteurizing the food.
B．Pickling the food.
C．Cooking the food.
D．Drying the food.
第4题
听力原文： M: It looks like there is going to be a shower any minute now.
W: I think so too. Isn’t it strange how you can sense it？
M: I know what you mean.
W: Look at the clouds in the sky. Whenever they seems dark and low like this, you know it’s going to rain. Or look at the object that’s far away. If it seems clear to you, it’s going to pour.
M: Yes. And everything seems to have a strange smell to me then.
W: I know. And people often say it’s going to rain when they have aches and pains in certain parts of their body. My mother always complains that her knee hurts just before a storm.
M: And have you ever noticed how the animals act before a storm？
W: Sure. Horses and cows always seem to go to a protected area and huddle together.
M: Yeah. But with all these sensible signs, how can we carry an umbrella with us now？
What is the main topic of the conversation？
A．How to select a good umbrella.
B．How to treat minor aches and pains.
C．How to sharpen the senses.
D．How to predict the weather.
第5题
Alcoholism
1. Yes, alcoholism can be treated. Alcoholism treatment programs use both counseling and medi-cation（药物治疗）to help a person stop drinking. Most alcoholics need help to recover from their dis-ease. With support and treatment, many people are able to stop drinking and rebuild their lives.
2．A range of medication is used to treat alcoholism. Benzodiazepines（苯二氮平类药物）are some-times used during the first days after a person stops drinking to help him or her safely withdraw fromalcoh01.However,these medications are not used beyond the first few days because they may be high—ly addictive.Other medications help people remain sober（清醒）.One medication used for this purposeis naltrexone（环丙甲羟二羟吗啡酮）．When combined with counseling，naltrexone can reduce the strong desire for alcohol and help prevent a person from returnmg to heaVy drinking.Another medica—tion,disulfiram（戒酒硫）,discourages drinking by making the person feel sick if he or she drinks al—coh01-Though several medications help treat alcoholism,there is no“magic bullet”.DeVeloping new and more effective medications to treat alcoholism remains a high priority for researchers.
3.Alcoholism treatment works for many people.But just like any chronic disease,there are different leV—els of success in treatment.sOme people stop drinking and remain sober.Others cannot stop drinking for anylength of time.With treatment,one thing is clear,howeVer,the longer a person stops drinking alcohol'the rnore likely he or she wiU be able to stay sober.
4.No,alcoholism cannot be cured at this time.Even if an alcoholic hasn't been drinking for a longtime,he or she can stiU return to the drinking habit.To guard against it,an alcoholic must continue to avoid all alcoholic drinks.
Paragraph l____
A.what medications treat alcoholism？
B.what are drinking probiems？
C.can alcoholism be cured？
D.does alcoholism be cured？
E.what is alcoholism？
F.can alcoholism be treated？
第6题
When you look up at the night sky, what do you see？ There are other(26)_____bodies out there besides the moon and stars. One of the most(27)_____of these is a comet.
Comets were formed around the same time the Earth was formed. They are(28)_____ice and other frozen liquids and gases.(29)_____these "dirty snowballs" begin to orbit the sun, just as the planets do.
As a comet gets closer to the sun, some gases in it begin to unfreeze. They(30)_____dust particles from the comet to form. a huge cloud. As the comet gets even nearer to the sun, a solar wind blows the cloud behind the comet, thus forming its tail. The tail and the(31)_____fuzzy atmosphere around a comet are(32)_____that can help identify this(33)_____in the night sky.
In any given year, about a dozen known comets come close to the sun in their orbits. The average person can’t see them all, of course. Usually there is only one or two a year bright enough to be seen with the(34)_____eye. Comet Hale-Bopp, discovered in 1995, was an unusually bright comet. Its orbit brought it(35)_____close to the Earth, within 122 million miles of it. But Hale-Bopp came a long way on its earthly visit. It won’t be back for another four thousand years or so.
第7题
A．can"t have seen
B．must not have seen
C．shall not have seen
D．need not have seen
第8题
听力原文： Villages in developing countries often lack many things: books, clean water and electricity. These shortages are easy to see, but a different kind of shortage is not easy to see. That is the shortage of experts.
Many villages have no doctors, engineers, or scientists. They have no one who knows how to treat unusual medical problems or design a new energy system. There is a way to solve these problems. They can do it with computers. In the past few years, computer scientists around the world have developed what they call expert system.
An expert system is a special kind of computer program. In some situations, it can take the place of human expert. For example, an expert medical system can help care for a sick person. A question appears on the computer screen "Is this person hot？" You tell the computer either "Yes" or "No". The computer asks other questions, "Has the person lost any blood？" "Can the person move normal[y？" you answer. The computer continues to ask questions until it has enough information to make a decision. Then it tells what medicine or other treatment is needed. In this way, the expert system takes the place of a doctor. Another kind of expert system takes the place of an engineer. It measures the flow of water in the river. It tells if a dam can be built on the river. It also tells how much electricity can be produced. Still other kinds of expert systems help solve problems for farmers and owners of small business.
(26)
A．Lack of clean water.
B．Lack of electricity.
C．Shortage of experts.
D．Shortage of books.
第9题
听力原文： Villages in developing countries often lack many things--books, clean water, electricity. These shortages are easy to see. But a different kind of shortage is not easy to see. That is a shortage of experts. Many villages have no doctors, engineers or scientists. They have no one who knows how to treat unusual medical problems or design a new expert system. There's a way to ease these problems. They can do it with computers. In the past few years, computer scientists around the world have developed what they call expert systems. An expert system is a special kind of computer program. In some situations, it can take the place of a human expert. For example, an expert in medical system can help care for a sick person. A question appears on the computer screen, "Is the person hot？" You tell the computer either yes or no. The computer asks other questions. "Has the person lost any blood？" "Can the person move normally？" You answer. The computer continues to ask questions until it has enough information to make a decision. Then it tells what medicine or other treatment is needed. In this way the expert system takes the place of a doctor. Another kind of expert system takes the place of an engineer. It measures the flow of water in a river. It tells if a dam can be built on the river. It also tells how much electricity can be produced. Still other kinds of expert systems help solve problems for farmers and owners of small businesses.
(23)
A．Lack of electricity.
B．Shortage of books.
C．Lack of clean water.
D．Shortage of experts.
