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In the early 1950s,historians who studied pre-industrial Europe （which we may define here

In the early 1950s,historians who studied pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the pre-industrial European population than the 2 or3 per cent who comprised the political and social elite' the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. One difficulty, however, was that few of the remaining 97 percent recorded their thoughts or had them chronicled by contemporaries. Faced with this situation, many historians based their investigations on the only records that seemed to exist: birth, marriage, and death records. As a result, much of the early work on the non-elite was aridly statistical in nature; reducing the vast majority of the population to a set of numbers was hardly more enlightening than ignoring them altogether. Historians still did not know what these people thought or felt.

One way out of this dilemma was to turn to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the non-elite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants. These documents have acted as" a point of entry into the mental world of the poor. "Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illustrated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. It has been societies that have had a developed police system and practiced Roman law, with its written depositions, whose court records have yielded the most data to historians. In Anglo-Saxon countries hardly any of these benefits obtain, but it has still been possible to glean information from the study of legal documents.

The extraction of case histories is not, however, the only use to which court records may be put. Historians who study pre-industrial Europe have used the records to establish a series of categories of crime and to quantify indictments that were issued over a given number of years. This use of the re cords does yield some information about the non-elite, but this information gives us little insight into the mental lives of the non-elite. We also know that the number of indictments in pre-industrial Europe bears little relation to the number of actual criminal acts, and we strongly suspect that the relationship has varied widely over time. In addition, aggregate population estimates are very shaky, which makes it difficult for historians to compare rates of crime per thousand in one decade of the pre-industrial period with rates in another decade. Given these inadequacies, it is clear why the case history Use of court records is to be preferred.

How is in the investigations carried out by historians in 1950s different from previous studies？

A．They had new findings.

B．They expanded the period defined as pre-industrial Europe.

C．They investigated the common people who took up the majority of the population.

D．The investigations were on the kings, generals ,judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates.

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发布时间：2020-09-18
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更多“In the early 1950s,historians who studied pre-industrial Europe （which we may define here”相关的问题

第1题

C was developed in the early （）

A、1970s

B、1950s

C、1980s

D、1860s

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第2题

Cable television had developed technology that allowed them to add more programming to cab
le service in ______.

A．In the early 1990s

B．In the late 1970s

C．In the early 1950s

D．In the early 1940s

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第3题

In the early 1950s, largely because of ______, many institutions of higher learning adopte
d regulations requiring loyalty oaths from university teachers.

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第4题

The statement “In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily.” （

The statement “In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily.” (Line 1, Para. 2) suggests that ________.

A) the author was well-fed and healthy even without a fridge in his fifties

B) the author was not accustomed to using fridges even in his fifties

C) there was no fridge in the author’s home in the 1950s

D) the fridge was in its early stage of development in the 1950s

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第5题

American cities are similar to other cities around the world. In every country, cities ref
lect the【B1】of the culture. Cities contain the very best aspects of a society: opportunities for education,【B2】, welfare, and entertainment. They also【B3】the very worst parts of a society: violent crime, racial【B4】, and poverty. American cities are changing, just【B5】American society.

After World War Ⅱ, the【B6】of most large American cities decreased;【B7】, the population in many Sun Belt cities increased. Los Angeles and Houston are cities【B8】population increased. These population shifts to and from the city reflect the changing values of American society.

During this time, in the【B9】1940s and early 1950s, city residents became wealthier, more prosperous. They had mare children. They needed more【B10】. They moved out of their apartments in the city to buy their own homes. They bought houses in the【B11】, areas near a city where people live. These are areas without many offices or factories.

Now things are changing. The children of the people who【B12】the cities in the 1950s are now【B13】. They, unlike their parents, want to live in the cities.【B14】continue to move to cities in the Sun Belt. Cities are【B15】and the population is increasing in【B16】states as Texas, Florida, and California. Others are moving to more【B17】cities of the Northeast and Midwest, such as Boston, Baltimore and Chicago.

Many young professionals, doctors, lawyers, and executives are moving back into the city. They prefer the city【B18】the suburbs because their jobs are there; they are afraid of the fuel shortage; or they just【B19】the excitement and opportunities which the city offers. A new class is moving into the cities—a wealthier,【B20】mobile class.

【B1】

A．values

B．attitudes

C．ideas

D．expenses

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第6题

In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence （AI) predicted that, by the end of t

In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this century , computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing our house-work. But as useful as computers are, they're nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for human like behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation : the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.

A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which naturally came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.

Imitating the brain's neural (神经的) network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence. "People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors" , he explains, "but it's not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves. " Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brain's capabilities stem from the patternrecognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build and artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills.

Right now, the option that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town.

The author says that the powerful computers of today

A．are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an object.

B．are close to exhibiting humanlike behavior.

C．are not very different in their performance from those of the 50's.

D．still cannot communicate with people in a human language.

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第7题

Text 2A psychological issue that began to be discussed in the 1950s was the question of th

Text 2

A psychological issue that began to be discussed in the 1950s was the question of the most appropriate age for second language learning. The ability of young children to learn language " easily" had, from time to time, been noted in psychological literature. But in the 1950s it was the view of Penfield, a medical doctor at McGill University in Montreal, which aroused widespread attention. Partly on the basis of his scientific work as a surgeon and partly on his personal conviction, Penfield put forward the idea that childhood years offered a biological favorable stage for second language learning, and he recommended that the childhood years should be used more intensively for language training. This viewpoint, shared by a growing number of teachers, specialists, and the general public, demonstrated itself in the introduction of language teaching in the early years of schooling in several countries. The debate on this controversial issue has gone on ever since,and in spite of experimentation, some research, and endless theoretical argumentation, the issue of the best age for language learning has remained unresolved even many years after Penfield's challenge had opened up the debate.

The need for a more systematic psychological research on language learning was fully recognized and clearly expressed by Carroll in the 1950s: " We are fundamentally ignorant of the psychology of language learning. " Carrol believed that educational psychology might provide helpful answers to pedagogy (the study of teaching methods) by carrying out research on specific ques-tions of language learning,for example: "Should sounds and meanings be presented at the same time or one after the other？" "Can meanings be presented just as well by verbal definitions as by pictures and concrete materials？" " How can the transfer from speaking and understanding to reading be facilitated？" "Under what conditions does the use of native language delay or facilitate learn-ing？" " When do linguistic explanations facilitate learning？" " At what rate can new materials be in-troduced？"Following up these and similar questions, Carroll and some of his students began to in- vestigate a few of them . One of the most notable inquiries of that time was Carroll's own attempt, in collaboration with a professor of Spanish, to develop a new language aptitude test. Around the same time, studies on the social psychology of language learning were initiated by another professor and his students at McGill University in Montreal. From about 1960, in the context of emerging followers of psycholinguistics, there was a growing interest in studying second language learning

from a psychological perspective.

46. Penfield's viewpoint was met with much_________

[A] interest.

[B] controversy.

[C] compliments.

[D] encouragement.

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第8题

In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence（AI)predicted that, by the end of thi

In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence(AI)predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing our house work. But as useful as computers are, they're nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of and object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.

A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step pro grams. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar , and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.

Imitating the brain' s neural (神经的) network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence. "People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors," he explains. "But it's not simply a clever network of switches. There are lost of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves. "Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brain's capabilities stem from the pattern-recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build an artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills.

Right now, the notion that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow Al rebels could turn out to be the only game in town.

The author says that the powerful computers of today ______.

A．are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an object

B．are close to exhibiting humanlike behavior

C．are not very different in their performance from those of the 50's

D．still cannot communicate with people in a human language

点击查看答案

第9题

One of the most important technological developments during the 1980s has been the emergen
ce of optical fiber communication as a major international industry. One indication of the(51)of this development is the total(52)of installed fiber, which was estimated to be 3.2 million kilometers in the U.S. alone by the end of 1987. Over 90% of this fiber was placed.(53)during the time period of 1982—1987. Long-haul trunk installations(长途干线设施) have dominated,(54)for about 95% of the fiber in the U.S.

In the early 1950s the researchers who produced the first clad glass optical fibers were not (55)of using them. for communications. (56), fiber optics was already a well-established commercial technology when the famous paper by Kao and Hockham,(57)the use of low-loss optical fibers for communication, appeared in 1966.

The first low-loss silica fiber was described in a publication which appeared in October of 1970. The date of this publication is sometimes(58)as the beginning of the era of fiber communication. Although this development did receive(59)attention in the research community at- the time, it was far from inevitable that a major industry would evolve.

The technological barriers appeared(60)because there were serious doubts as to(61)these fiber components could ever be produced economically enough, but the market potential was very significant. (62), research and development activity expanded rapidly, and a number of important issues were(63)during the early 1970s. During the middle and late 1970s, the rate of progress towards marketable products accelerated as the emphasis(64)from research to engineering. Fibers with losses approaching the Payleigh limit of 2 dB/km at a wavelength of 0.8um were produced.

By 1980 improvement in component performance, cost, and reliability led to major commitments (65)the part of telephone companies.

A．expanse

B．extent

C．scope

D．range

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第10题

A psychological issue that began to be discussed in the 1950s was the question of the most
appropriate age for second language learning. The ability of young children to learn language "easily" had, from time to time, been noted in psychological literature. But in the 1950s it was the view of Penfield, a medical doctor at McGill University in Montreal, which aroused widespread attention. Partly on the basis of his scientific work as a surgeon and partly on his personal conviction, Penfield put forward the idea that childhood years offered a biological favorable stage for second language learning, and he recommended that the childhood years should be used more intensively for language training. This viewpoint, shared by a growing number of teachers, specialists, and the general public, demonstrated itself in the introduction of language teaching in the early years of schooling in several countries. The debate on this controversial issue has gone on ever since, and in spite of experimentation, some research, and endless theoretical argumentation, the issue of the best age for language learning has remained unresolved even many years after Penfield's challenge had opened up the debate.

The need for a more systematic psychological research on language learning was fully recognized and clearly expressed by Carroll in the 1950s: " We are fundamentally ignorant of the psychology of language learning. "Carrol believed that educational psychology might provide helpful answers to pedagogy (the study of teaching methods) by carrying out research on specific ques-tions of language learning, for example: " Should sounds and meanings be presented at the same time or one after the other？" "Can meanings be presented just as well by verbal definitions as by pictures and concrete materials？""How can the transfer from speaking and understanding to reading be facilitated？""Under what conditions does the use of native language delay or facilitate learning？" "When do linguistic explanations facilitate learning？""At what rate can new materials be introduced？ "Following up these and similar questions, Carroll and some of his students began to investigate a few of them . One of the most notable inquiries of that time was Carroll's own attempt, in collaboration with a professor of Spanish, to develop a new language aptitude test. Around the same time, studies on the social psychology of language learning were initiated by another professor and his students at McGill University in Montreal. From about 1960, in the context of emerging followers of psycholinguistics, there was a growing interest in studying second language learning from a psychological perspective.

Penfield's viewpoint was met with much

A．interest.

B．controversy.

C．compliments.

D．encouragement.

点击查看答案
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