No one can function properly if they are （) of adequate sleep.

gene therapy, in which one or more genes are injected into the patient to replace those that are absent or not working properly. This approach has been used to treat heart disease and many forms of cancer. The second way to exploit genes to treat disease is known as small-molecule therapy. In this approach, a small-molecule (that is a drug) is given to the patient to modify the function of one or more genes in the body.

According to the speaker, small-molecule therapy can be used to ______.

A．replace genes not functioning properly in the body

B．increase the number of genes working properly in the body

C．modify the function of some genes in the body

D．replace genes absent in the body

What can we learn about human mind according to Paragraph One？

A．It is busy transforming our direct experience into language.

B．All our sense impressions can leave their traces directly in our brains.

C．It is very natural for human brain to mix and combine symbols and images.

D．The major mental function of the human brain is to make judgments.

What do we know about human mind according to Paragraph One？

A．The human mind is busy transforming our direct experience into language.

B．All our sense impressions can leave their traces directly in our brains.

C．It is very natural for human brain to mix and combine symbols and images.

D．The major mental function of the human brain is to make judgments.

___ of when a speaker has said "no".That is, one needs to be able to recognize that a respondent has refused or ___2___ what the speaker has demanded, solicited, or offered.Equally, one needs to ___3___ the appropriate manner in which to respond in the negative when offered, solicited, or demanded something.It is ___4___ that it is sometimes difficult to recognize a refusal in one"s mother tongue where the answer might be unclear.However, in many ___5___ the meaning can be made clear.This is possible if one knows how to read the ___6___ signals.A first task for the visitor abroad is to discover which forms are used to ___7___ this function.If we compare form. and function across cultures, it soon becomes clear that one form. may be used to mean different things in another culture than in one’s own.For example, in Turkish "no" is ___8___ by moving one"s head backwards while rolling one"s eyes upwards.However, to an American this movement is ___9___ to the signal used for saying "yes".Further, in still other cultures, head shaking may have nothing to do with affirmation or negation.In parts of India, rolling the head slowly from side to side means something like "Yes, go on.I"m listening".Thus, as one goes from culture to culture, form. and function may not ___10___.If a foreigner wants to communicate appropriately, he must develop the competence of sending and receiving "no" messages.

A.acquire

B.obtain

C.fulfill

D.compare

E.match

F.denied

G.granted

H.admitted

I.signaled

J.recognition

K.conflicts

L.encounters

M.close

N.available

O.appropriate

Read this letter from Mr. Lewis, a restaurant manager.

19th September 1997

Mrs. Hirokawa

Pacific Trading Company

Dear Mrs. Hirokawa,

Thank you for your telephone call today. I can reserve one of our private function rooms for you for 22nd November. Please confirm this reservation in writing within seven days. I also need to know the size of your group. Our largest room is for fifty people.

Yours sincerely,

David Lewis

Manager

&8226;Write a reply of 40-50 words to Mr. Lewis:

&8226;Confirming the booking.

&8226;Saying how many people will be in the group.

&8226;Telling him you will provide your own music.

&8226;Write on your answer sheet.

, take note of the number of people who have adopted the identical gestures and posture of the person with whom they are talking. This "carbon copying" is a means by which one person tells the other that he is in agreement with his ideas and attitudes. By this method, one is non-verbally saying to the other, "As you can see, I think the same as you, so I will copy your posture and gesture."

This unconscious mimicry is quite interesting to observe. Take for example, the two men standing at the hotel bar. They have mirrored each other's gestures and it is reasonable to assume that they are discussing a topic upon which they have the same thoughts and feelings. If one man uncrosses his arms and legs or stands on the other foot, the other will follow, lf one puts his hand in his pocket, the other will copy and this mimicry will continue for as long as the two men are in agreement.

This copying also occurs among good friends or people at the same status level and it is common to see married couples walk, stand, sit and move in identical ways. People who are strangers, however, studiously avoid holding mutual positions. The significance of carbon copying can be one of the most important non-verbal lessons we can learn, for this is one way that others tell us that they agree with us or like us. It is also a way for us to tell others that we like them, by simply copying their gestures.

If an employer wishes to develop an immediate rapport and create a relaxing atmosphere with an employee, he needs to copy the employee's posture to achieve the end. Similarly, an up-and-coming employee may be seen copying his boss' gestures in an attempt to show agreement. Using the knowledge, it is possible to influence a face-to-face encounter by copying the positive gestures and postures of the other person. This has the effect of putting the other person in a receptive and relaxed frame. of mind and he can "see" that you understand his point of view.

What is an appropriate title for this passage？

A．Appropriate Social Behavior.

B．How to Make Gestures.

C．Carbon Copying: Showing Agreement Through Gestures.

D．How to Avoid Carbon Copying.

to undertake to do for children that which only children do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities about reading. Douglas insists that "reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the impossible."

Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They differ in kind and function. The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also public activity; it can be seen and observed.

Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny.

If teacher and learner roles are not interchangeable, what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the quest (探索) for knowledge？ Smith has one principal rule for all teaching instructions. "Make learning to read easy, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children. "

When the roles of teacher and learner are seen for what they are, and when both teacher and learner fulfil them appropriately, then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is eliminated. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of learning to read by reading.

The problem with the reading course as mentioned in the first paragraph is that ______.

A．it is one of the most difficult school courses

B．students spend endless hours in reading

C．reading tasks are assigned with little guidance

D．too much time is spent in teaching about reading

nstead, it is usually the product of human need;【C1】______is truly the mother of invention. People usually devise tools to【C2】______for natural deficiencies. For example, people invented weapons to defend【C3】______from physically superior【C4】______But【C5】______is only one incentive(鼓励)for inventions. People also invent【C6】______tools to【C7】______certain established tasks more effectively. For instance, people developed the bow and arrow from the【C8】______spear or javelin(标枪)in order to shoot【C9】______and strike with greater strength.【C10】______civilizations developed, greater work efficiency came to be demanded, and【C11】______tools became more【C12】______A tool would【C13】______a function until it proved【C14】______in meeting human needs, at which point an improvement would be made. One impetus(动力)for invention has always been the【C15】______for speed and high-quality results — provided they are achieved【C16】______reasonable costs. Stone pebbles were sufficient to account for small quantities of possessions,【C17】______they were not efficient enough for performing sophisticated mathematics. However, beads(念珠)arranged systematically evolved into the abacus(算盘). The【C18】______of this tool can be【C19】______to the development of commerce in the East around 3,000 BC and the abacus is known【C20】______by the ancient Babylonian, Egyptian, Chinese, etc.

【C1】

A．imagination

B．creativity

C．necessity

D．accident

根据材料请回答 51～65

Heart Attack

In the United States, and especially in big cities and rural areas, tens of thousands of people with hearts that should be good 51 to keep them alive die each year for lack of ad-equate first aid.In New York City, for example, a new study has shown that only one person in 100 outside of hospitals 52 after the heart suddenly stops pumping.In con-trast, in Seattle, the survival 53 after such heart attacks is one in five.

"The difference can be traced 54 the effectiveness of the chain of survival, "Dr.Jo-seph P.Ornato said."Each link in the 55 must be strong enough for many lives to be 56.”

The chain begins with an immediate telephone 57 for emergency help and the start within four minutes of the process needed for restarting the 58 working, by a family member or bystander (旁观者).It continues with the prompt arrival within eight 59 ten minutes of a rescuer equipped with a special instrument that can shock the heart back to a normal rhythm.And it ends with the administration of advanced emergency care by nurses to maintain the heart' s ability to survive until the doctors at the hospitals take 60 .When one or more links in this chain fail or function too slowly, the 61 of a victim survi-ving heart attack falls rapidly.Becauseof widespread weaknesses in the chain of 62 , ex-perts in emergency heart care estimate that 20,000 to 80,000 people 63 needlessly of heart attack each year, a number comparable to the 55,000 killed annually in automobile 64.

One expert says, "Sending an emergency vehicle to a heart attack victim 65 the spe-cial equipment is like having policemen with guns but no bullets.They may put on a good show, but they lack the weapon needed to get the job done."

第 51 题

A．much

B．enough

C．many

D．too

Anthropology

Anthropology is the study of human beings as creatures of society. It fastens its attention upon those physical characteristics and industrial techniques, those conventions and values, which distinguish one community from all others that belong to a different tradition.

The distinguishing mark of anthropology among the social sciences is that it includes for serious study other societies than our own. For its purposes any social regulation of mating and reproduction is as significant as our own, though it may be that of the Sea Dyaks, and have no possible historical relation to that of our civilization. To the anthropologist, our customs and those of a New Guinea tribe are two possible social schemes for dealing with a common problem, and in so far as he remains an anthropologist he is bound to avoid any weighting of one in favor of the other. He is interested in human behavior, not as it is shaped by one tradition, our own, but as it has been shaped by any tradition whatsoever. He is interested in a wide range of custom that is found in various cultures, and his object is to understand the way in which these cultures change and differentiate, the different forms through which they express themselves and the manner in which the customs of any people function in the lives of the individuals.

Now customs has been commonly regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior. at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way round. Traditional custom is a mass of detailed behavior. more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays inexperience and belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.

According to the passage, we can say that anthropology______.

A．can reveal an enormous diversity of traditions

B．can deal with human beings as one group of the creatures in the living world

C．can provide insights into the relationship between human beings and nature

D．can distinguish the human race from other creatures

Heart Attack

Throughout the United States, and especially in big cities and rural areas, tens of thousands of people with hearts that should be good(51)to keep them alive die each year for lack of adequate first aid. In New York City, for example, a new study has shown that only one person in 100 outside of hospitals(52)after the heart suddenly stops pumping (怦怦跳动). In contrast, in Seattle, the survival(53)after such heart attacks is one in five.

"The difference can be traced(54)the effectiveness of the 'chain of survival'", Dr. Joseph P. Ornato said. "Each link in the(55)must be strong enough for many lives to be(56)".

The chain begins with an immediate telephone(57)for emergency help and the start within four minutes of the process needed for restarting the(58)working, by a family member or bystander (旁观者). It continues with the prompt arrival--within eight(59)ten minutes of a rescuer equipped with a 'special instrument that can shock the heart back to a normal rhythm. And it ends with the administration (给予，实施) of advanced (先进的) emergency care by nurses to maintain the heart's ability to survive until the doctors at the hospitals can take(60). When one or more links in this chain fail or function too slowly, the(61)of a victim surviving heart attack falls rapidly. Because of widespread weaknesses in the chain of(62), experts in emergency heart care estimate that 20,000 to 80,000 people(63)needlessly of heart attack each year, a number comparable to the 55,000 killed annually in automobile(64).

One expert says, "Sending an emergency vehicle to a heart attack victim(65)the special equipment is like having policemen with guns but no bullets. They may put on a good show, but they lack the weapon needed to get the job done."

A．enough

B．much

C．many

D．too