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第1题
听力原文：F：What do you think is the cause of the output reduction in summer？
M：Well，due to high replacement rate and low efficiency from fill-in workers，we just don't make as many bicycle
frames as we do during the rest of the year．
F：Where does the high replacement rate come from？
M：Good question．Both the high replacement rate and low efficiency are because of the extreme heat in the workshop．The average temperatures inside the workshop are 6℃ over the outside tempera tures．During the summer，when work starts at 8：00，it's already 31℃ in the workshop．By 11：30， it's at least 37℃．On six days last summer．it hit 41℃．
F：That's hot!
M：Yes．And as you know，these workers are always working on，moving or carrying bicycle frames，which weigh as
much as 8 kilos．When temperatures are 35℃，they slow down．When they feel it's too hard to put up with，they quit．
F：How many was it again？
M：Well，this summer we have already changed 11 of the 36 employees in the workshop．Replacement rate for the whole
summer will usually run over 50%．When someone quits，it takes an average of five days to find and train a fill-in worker．During that time，the trainee produces nothing．For another five days，the new person can work at only about half
speed．According to my calculations，we are producing 12，300 less units per summer than we would without this replacement rate．
F：Is it really that much？
M：Yes，and figuring a profit of $16 on every bike we sell，those 12，300 products we aren't making are costing us 196，800 dollars in potential earnings.
&8226;Look at the meeting notes below．
&8226;Some information is missing．
&8226;You will hear Steve，a manager from a bicycle frame. manufacturer，talking with his colleagues about a difficult situation they have every summer．
&8226;For each question 9-15．fill in the missing information in the numbered space using a word，numbers or letters．
&8226;You will hear the cOnversation twice．
Meeting Notes
The problem：Cause of the output(9)______of bicycle frames
High(10)______rate & Low(11)______from fill-in workers
[Caused by extreme heat in the workshop]
The temperature records：
—Average temperature difference inside and outside the workshop：(12)______℃The highest temperature record last summer：41℃
Current situation：
—11 of the 36．employees have been changed
—It takes about(13)______days altogether to find a new worker，train him and make him as productive as the old employees．
Loss：
Producing(14)______less units per summer．
Costing(15)______dollars in potential earnings．
(9)
第2题
One should be wary, however, of assuming that silent reading came about simply because reading aloud is a distraction to others. Examination of factors related to historical development of silent reading reveals that it became the usual mode of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the tasks themselves, changed in character.
The last century saw a steady gradual increase in literacy, and thus in the number of readers. As readers increased, so the number of potential listeners declined, and thus there was some reduction in the need to read aloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, so came the flourishing of reading as a private activity in such public places as libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would cause distraction to other readers.
Towards the end of the century there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully, and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way mentally weakening. Indeed this argument remains with Us still in education. However, whatever its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a specialized readership on the other. By the end of the century students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, if not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly altered what the term "reading" implied.
Why was reading aloud common before the nineteenth century'？
A．Silent reading had not been discovered.
B．There were few places available for private reading.
C．Few people could read for themselves.
D．People relied on reading for entertainment.
第3题
Price Planning
A price represents the value of a goods or service for both the seller and the buyer. Price planning is systematic decision making by an organization regarding all aspects of pricing.
The value of a goods or service can involve both tangible and intangible marketing factors. An example of a tangible marketing factor is the cost savings (46) . An example of an intangible marketing factor is a consumer’s pride in the ownership of a Lamborghini rather than another brand of automobile. For an example to take place, both the buyer and seller must feel that the price of a goods or service provides an equitable value. To the buyer, the payment of a price reduces purchasing power (47) . To the seller, receipt of a price is a source of revenue and an important determinant of sales and profit levels.
Many words are substitutes for the term price: admission fee, membership fee, rate, tuition, service charge, donation, rent, salary, interest, retainer, and assessment. No matter what it is called, (48) : monetary and non-monetary charges, discounts, handling and shipping fees, credit charges and other forms of interest, and late-payment penalties.
A non-price exchange would be selling a new iron for 10 books of trading stamps or an airline offering tickets as payment for advertising space and time. Monetary and non-monetary exchange may be combined. This is common with automobiles, (49) . This combination allows a reduction in the monetary price.
From a broader perspective, price is the mechanism for allocating goods and services among potential purchasers and for ensuring competition among sellers in an open market economy. If there is an excess of demand over supply, prices are usually bid up by consumers. If there is an excess of supply over demand, (50) .
A. a price contains all the terms of purchase
B. obtained by the purchase of a new bottling machine by a soda manufacturer
C. where the consumer gives the seller money plus a trade-in
D. available for other items
E. prices are usually reduced by sellers
F. price means what one pays for what he wants
(46)
第4题
One should be careful, however, in assuming that silent reading came about simply because reading aloud is distraction to others. Examination of factors related to the historical development of silent reading reveals that it became the usual mode of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the tasks themselves changed in character.
The last century saw a steady gradual increase in literacy, and thus in the number of readers. As readers increased, so the number of potential listeners decreased, and thus there was some reduction in the need to read aloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, so came the flourishing of reading as a private activity in such public places as libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would cause distraction to other readers.
Towards the end of the century there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully, and over whether the reading of materials such as newspapers was in some way mentally weakening. Indeed this argument remains with us still in education. However, whatever its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and by book and magazines for a specialized readership on the other.
By the end of the century students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, if not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly altered what the term "reading" implied.
Why didn't silent reading become common before the nineteenth century？
A．There were few places for people to have silent reading.
B．Few people could read for themselves.
C．Scholars disagreed with this kind of reading before the 19th century.
D．People all thought that "reading" undoubtedly meant reading aloud.
第5题
Fishing typically does not need land ownership, and because it remains, generally, open to all, it is often the employer of last resort in the developing world—an occupation when there are no other choices. Worldwide, about 200 million people rely on fishing for their livelihoods. Within Southeast Asia alone, over five million people fish full-time. In northern Chile forty percent of the population lives off the ocean. In Newfoundland most employment came from fishing or servicing that industry—until the collapse of the cod fisheries in the early 1990s that left tens of thousands of people out of work.
Though debates over the conservation of natural resources are often cast as a conflict between jobs and the environment, the restoration of fish populations would in fact boost employment. Michael P. Sissenwine and Andrew A. Rosenberg of the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service have estimated that if depleted species were allowed to rebuild to their long-term potential, their sustainable use would add about $ 8 billion to the U. S. gross domestic product—and provide about 300,000 jobs. If fish populations were restored and properly managed, about twenty million metric tons could be added to the world's annual catch. But restoration of ecological balance, fiscal profitability (收益) and economic security will require a continual reduction in the capacity of the commercial fishing industry so that wild populations can recover.
The necessary reductions in fishing workforce need not come at the expense of jobs. Governments could increase employment and reduce the pressure on fish populations by guiding subsidies away from highly mechanised ships. For each $1,000,000 of investment, industrial-scale fishing operations require only one to five people, while small-scale fisheries would employ between 60 and 3,000. Industrial fishing itself threatens tens of millions of fishermen working on a small scale by depleting the fish on which they depend for subsistence.
The animal source which provides the most protein for human being is______.
A．beef
B．fish
C．pork
D．chicken
第6题
？Read the following extract from an article about human resource and the questions．
？For each question(15-20)，mark one letter(A，B，C，or D)on your Answer Sheet．
Human resource is one of the key factors in determining organizational coping and profitability．Despite adverse market conditions and fluctuations，many organizations have implemented changes that seek to improve their competitiveness．The consequences of organizational change，however，can vary．Sometimes，the employees may accept the change readily；at other times，the change is met with resistance and dissatisfaction of the employees．
Change and stress are closely related．Because of the feelings of uncertainty， insecurity，and threat that it invokes，organizational change can be extremely stressful for the individual．When change occurs，employees may be stressed by role overload，role ambiguity，and role boundary．
According to Selye，a little stress is actually good．When stress is at its optimal level，it can increase human resource potential as it spurs individuals to achieve their best working performances．
However，stress can become negative and destructive when its optimal 1evel is exceeded．This could result in individuals experiencing high levels of anxiety or depression，low job motivation，somatic problems such as headaches，loss of appetite， trouble sleeping and ill health．In an organization that has many of its employees overly stressed or burned out，there are many detrimental consequences such as higher absenteeism，lower productivity，lower job satisfaction，and low morale．
There is variation in the manner individuals respond to organizational change． Individuals may undergo a simiIar change process in the organization，but the stress evoked by the change can be perceived very differently．Some individuals may regard change as a threat，feeling distressed and fearful of the uncertain consequences of the change．Others may react to the change with outbursts of anger and complaints．Yet there are also those who welcome change with an optimistic attitude，seeing change as a challenge，an opportunity for growth and improvement．
What accounts for the differences in experiencing change and perceiving stress forthese individuals？ Many studies suggest organizational characteristics，such as workplaceclimate，empowerment，and information about change，as factors that affect an individual's adjustment to organizational change and stress．However，the research is often focused on organization-level phenomena，rather than on individual factors．
Every person has a distinct set of personality characteristics，owns different resources，and employs different coping strategies to deal with change．This explains why coping with organizational change and stress can turn out to be very different experiences for individuals．For instance，recent micro-level research on individuals has identified dispositional traits that predict a person's ability to cope with change．Hence，on top of looking at organizational factors，this study also examines individual factors that may help to maximize an individual's potential to work productively and efficiently in the midst of change．
According to the second paragraph，what is the most possible and proper statement about the reason why change and stress are closely related？
A．Change can be the motivation of stress and through their mutual interaction，there will be improvement．
B．Stress causes change to occur，and may bring negative effects such as the chang of the job and the reduction of the salary．
C．Organizational change is a primary cause of stress and when change occurs，employees often experience role stress．
D．Change and stress are a pair of phenomena that will both appear in the process of employment．
第7题
Fishing typically does not require land ownership, and because it remains, in general, open to all, it is often the employer of last resort in the developing world--an occupation when there are no other options. Worldwide, about 200 million people depend on fishing for their livelihoods. Within Southeast Asia alone, more than five million people fish full-time. In northern Chile ,40 percent of the population lives off the ocean. In Newfoundland, most employment came from fishing or servicing that industry--until the collapse of the cod fisheries in the early 1990s left tens of thousands of people out of work.
Although debates over the conservation of natural resources are often cast as a conflict between jobs and the environment, the restoration of fish populations would in fact boost employment. Michael P. Sissenwine and Andrew A. Rosenberg of the U. S. National Marine Fisheries Service have estimated that if depleted species were allowed to rebuild to their long-term potential, their sustainable use would add about $ 8 billion to the U. S. gross domestic product--and provide some 300, 000 jobs. If fish populations were restored and properly managed, about 20 million metric tons could be added to the world's annual catch. But restoration of ecological balance ,fiscal profitability, and economic security will require a substantial reduction in the capacity of the commercial fishing industry so that wild population can recover.
The necessary reductions in fishing power need not come at the expense of jobs. Governments could increase employment and reduce the pressure on fish populations by directing subsidies away from highly mechanized ships. For each $1 million of investment, industrial-scale fishing operations require only one to five people ,whereas small-scale fisheries would employ between 60 and 3000. Industrial fishing itself threatens tens of millions of fishermen working on a small scale by depleting the fish on which they depend for subsistence.
The animal source which supplies the most protein for human being is ______.
A．beef
B．fish
C．pork
D．chicken
第8题
Green Roof Research
The concept of green roofs is basically about growing plants on roofs, thus helping to replace the green footprint that had been destroyed due to the construction of the building. Green roofs are the most prevalent (流行) in Germany, which is widely regarded as the leader in green roof research.
The green roofs that are used these days can be classified as 'extensive' and 'intensive' systems. Extensive green roofs use mosses, grasses and herbs, which are tolerant to droughts. These plants do not need much maintenance, can be grown in a layer of. substrata (土层) that can be as shallow as 1.5 inches, and generally are inaccessible to the public. In contrast, a wide range of species of plants are grown on intensive green roofs, such as shrubs (灌木) and even trees, which require deeper substrate layers, and are usually grown on flat roofs. They need intensive maintenance, and are' usually areas that resemble parks which are accessible to people.
There are several benefits of adopting green roof technologies. Apart from the obvious psychological and aesthetic (美学的) benefits of garden-like environments surrounding you, some of the common economic and ecological benefits are.- a reduction in the consumption of energy; air and water purification; recovering green spaces; and the mitigation (缓解) of the heat island effect in urban areas.
The green roof research that is currently ongoing is focused on evaluating the species of plants that are suitable to be grown on roofs, the methods of propagation (繁殖) as well as establishment, nutrient (养料) and water requirement, substrates, and the quantity and quality of water runoff. The evaluation criteria of plant species are: at what rate they can be established; their capacity to withstand invasive weeds; tolerance 'of cold, and heat; tolerance of drought conditions; capacity of persistence and survival.
A number of experiments are being conducted on roof platform. simulations at various research centers. These sites are generally outfitted with equipment, which are used to measure temperatures at different depths of the growing substrates, and the rate and volume of the runoff of stormwaters from each of the platforms.
Green roof technology is representative of a completely new market for landscape contractors, and all roofs that currently exist and the future ones to be constructed are the potential market -- a market that is too huge to be overlooked.
It is estimated that around 10 percent of the flat roofs in Germany are green.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
第9题
Read the article below about price planning.
Choose the best sentence from the list to fill each of the gaps.
For each gap 8—12 mark one letter (A—G) on your Answer Sheet.
Do not mark any letter more than once.
There is an example at the beginning.
A price represents the value of a goods or service for both the seller and the buyer. Price planning is G The value of a goods or service can involve both tangible and intangible marketing factors. An example of a tangible marketing factor is the cost savings(8)… An example of an intangible marketing factor is a consumer's pride in the ownership of a Lamborghini rather than another brand of automobile. For an example to take place, both the buyer and seller must feel that the price of a goods or service provides an equitable value. To the buyer, the payment of a price reduces purchasing power(9)…To the seller, receipt of a price is a source of revenue and an important determinant of sale and profit levels.
Many words are substitutes for the term price: admission fee, membership fee, rate, tuition, service charge, donation, rent, salary, interest, retainer, and assessment. No matter what it is called, (10)… : monetary and non-monetary charges, discounts, handling and shipping fees, credit charges and other forms of interest, and late-payment penalties.
A non-price exchange would be selling a new iron for 10 books of trading stamps or an airline offering tickets as payment for advertising space and time. Monetary and non-monetary exchange may be combined. This is common with automobiles, (11)…This combination allows a reduction in the monetary price.
From a broader perspective, price is the mechanism for allocating goods and services among potential purchasers and for ensuring competition among sellers in an open market economy. If there is an excess of demand over supply, prices are usually bid up by consumers. If there is an excess of supply over demand, (12)…
A a price contains all the terms of purchase
B obtained by the purchase of a new bottling machine by a soda manufacturer
C where the consumer gives the seller money plus a trade-in
D available for other items
E Prices are usually reduced by sellers
F price means what one pays for what he wants
G systematic decision-making by an organization regarding all aspects of pricing
(8)
