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[主观题]

Writing is not exactly a team sport.【C1】______ a writer you spend most of your time chuggi

ng away by your lonesome, with only your words for【C2】______ But all the same, writing isn't a one- way street:【C3】______ we're not talking about diaries, all writing is meant to have an audience. You're not talking to yourself, you are having a 【C4】______ .

Many writers are only 【C5】______ aware of their audience as they draft their stories. Some believe the reader doesn't come into play at all until the story is finished or the article on the editor's desk. But since we write to be read, readers are an essential part of the writing【C6】______ itself. Your audience is an implicit part of your writing, as much as plot and characters. Your implicit audience helps【C7】______ your story; it sets your tone and defines your style; it determines in part your choice of protagonist; it is the "ear" to your "voice". If we know how to write and what to write about,【C8】______ we also know who it is we're writing for?

You are not writing for your writers' circle, or your editor, or your mother-in-law who reads all you’re your 【C9】______ drafts. No matter how important these people may be, they are not the "reader" I am talking

about here, or 【C10】______ , they shouldn't be. Writers tend to become hopelessly blocked when they try to please specific readers. Especially when those readers are themselveswriters. Or mothers-in-law. Knowing your 【C11】______ audience will help you avoid that particular trap.

The simplest way to start getting a handle on your audience is to form. a mental【C12】______ of your ideal reader. What kind of person is he/she? Where does he live, what kind of job, what kind of hobbies does he have? What books does he read (and when, and how many)? Chances are, your ideal reader is a lot like you. We write【C13】______ when we write for an audience with whom we can【C14】 ______ .

Sticking with that audience is more important than you think. Too- harsh criticism from fellow writers or editors can undermine your confidence to the point【C15】______ you write just m suit their tastes. Uncritical admiration of relatives and friends can make you sloppy and lax.

New trends may 【C16】______ you to start writing vampire stories【C17】______ your regular romantic westerns. These are all false beacons, to use a 【C18】______ term. A good sense of your ideal reader will help you navigate a steady course, and write 【C19】______ you write best. On the one hand our writing is guided by authors we admire, on the other hand we tend to write for an audience we feel comfortable with. Somewhere 【C20】______ between we find a balance that is our own.

【C1】

A.In

B.As

C.For

D.With

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更多“Writing is not exactly a team sport.【C1】______ a writer you spend most of your time chuggi”相关的问题

第1题

Section CDirections: In this section,you will hear n passage three times.When the passage

Section C

Directions: In this section,you will hear n passage three times.When the passage is read for the first time,you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time,you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 t0 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 t0 46 you are required to fill in the missing information.For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally,when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.

In the humanities, authors write to inform. you in many ways. These methods can be (36) _________________into three types of informational writing: factual, descriptive, and process. Factual writing provides (37) __________ information on an author, composer or artist or on a type of music, literature, or art. Examples of factual writing include notes on a book jacket or (38) _____________cover and longer pieces, such as an article describing a style. of music which you might read in a music (39) ____________course. This kind of writing provides a (40) _____________for your study of the humanities.

As its name (41) ____________, descriptive writing simply describes or provides an (42)_____________ of, a piece of music, art or literature. For example, descriptive writing might list the colors an artist used in a painting or the (43) ______ a composer included in a musical composition, so as to make pictures of sounds in the readers’ mind by calling up specific details of the work. (44) __________________________________________________________________________________________.

Process writing explains a series of actions that bring about a result. (45) __________________________________________________________________________________. This kind of writing is often found in art, where understanding how an art has created a certain effect is important.

(46)_____________________________________________________________________.

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第2题

听力原文:W: Cambridge Business English Certificate is very popular nowadays, but I don't k
now much about it. Could I ask you some questions?

M: My pleasure.

W: What is Cambridge Business English Certificate?

M: It is a new Business English examination. There are three certificates at three different levels. Each examination tests Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking skills (19) .

W: When can we take the Cambridge English Certificate exams?

M: All three exams start in February and are available six times a year, that is about every 9 weeks.

W: Then where can we take the exams?

M: At any examination center approved by the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (剑桥大学考试委员会)

W: OK. Now how much business knowledge do we need for the exam?

M: Well, the exam tests knowledge of general business English (20) . Special knowledge of particular jobs and industries is not required. The examination is also suitable for people with no working experience

W: How is our English tested?

M: The examination has three parts. The first part is the Reading and Writing Test which lasts 70 minutes. Paper Two is a Listening Test which lasts 40 minutes. Finally there is a 10-minute interview with another examinee and two examiners which tests your spoken English.

W: What mark do we need to pass the examination?

M: Exact pass marks vary from exam to exam and year to year. However, anyone with a mark over 70% will pass (21) .

W: That's all. Thanks a lot for your help.

(23)

A.A new English Language examination testing four different skills.

B.An examination testing Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking.

C.A new Business English examination having three certificates at three different levels.

D.A new Business English examination testing certain business knowledge and skills.

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第3题

听力原文:Now, it's 10 o'clock and time for a summary of the news.Schools where children ar

听力原文: Now, it's 10 o'clock and time for a summary of the news.

Schools where children are failing in reading and writing tests will be publicly identified under new government plans. The government also plans to introduce six new tests including mathematics and science for all school children. Education Minister David Kemp said no school should be afraid of being exposed, The main purpose is to inform. parents and schools. They'll have exact information and students' problems will be known.

A psychologist has found 1/10 of students fear injections, blood and injury-- some so much that they run away. from doctors. These young patients may miss out on treatment. They were more likely to have fainted when faced with injections, blood and injury. The fear could disturb appropriate medical care.

Research has been done on kids who were making trouble all the time at school. They made the teachers' lives very difficult, Researchers found that many of those troublemakers were from divorced families. What they really want is the attention from parents and teachers. Once they could get attention from parents and teachers, the kids could be very appealing.

What is the main purpose of introducing the new tests?

A.To inform. parents and schools.

B.To pick out good students.

C.To expose poor schools.

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第4题

When we use a word in speech and writing, its most obvious purpose is to point to some thi
ng or relation or property. This is the word's" meaning."

Let us suppose that the one grandparent of the dog was a collie, another was an Irish terrier, another a fox terrier, and the fourth a bulldog. We can express these facts equally scientifically and objectively by-saying that he is a dog of mixed breed. We have in no way gone be yond the requirements of exact scientific description.

Suppose, however, that we had called the same animal a" mongrel". The matter is more complicated. We have used a word which objectively means the same as" dog of mixed breed", but which also arouse in our hearers an emotional attitude of disapproval toward that particular dog. A word, therefore, can not only indicate an object; but can also suggest an emotional attitude toward it. Such suggestion of an emotional attitude does go beyond exact and scientific discussion because our approvals and disapprovals are individual--they belong to ourselves and not to the objects we approve or disapprove of.

Once we are on the outlook for this difference between" objective" and "emotional" meanings, we shall notice that words which carry more or less strong suggestions of emotional attitudes are very common and are ordinarily used in the discussion of such debatable questions as those of politics, morals, and religion. This is one reason why such controversies cannot yet be settled.

There is a well-known saying that the word "firm" can be declined as follows: I am firm, you are obstinate, and he is pigheaded. This is a simple illustration of what is meant. "Firm," "obstinate", and "pigheaded" all have the same objective meaning--that is, following one's own course of action and refusing to be influenced by other people's opinions. They have, how ever, different emotional meanings:" firm" has an emotional meaning of strong approval, "obstinate" of mild disapproval, "pigheaded" of strong disapproval.

In much the same way when, during World War I , thoughts were dominated by emotions, the Americans contrasted the spirit of our heroic boys with ruthlessness of the Germans. Now with the more objective attitude that has been brought by the lapse of time, we can look back and see that the spirit and the ruthlessness are objectively the same. Only the one word has an emotional meaning of approval, the other of disapproval.

The first three paragraphs tell us that______.

A.there is no real difference between calling a dog a mongrel and calling it a mixed breed

B.a dog of mixed breed is an emotional term

C.mongrel is an objective term

D.words may suggest emotional attitude as well as objective meaning

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第5题

A British company has come up with a system that will write documents dictated over the te
lephone, using speech recognition technology, and then E-mail the completed document back to the user. The Speech Machine's system can be dialed up from any touch-tone telephone. Users simply speak their letter, report, memorandum or other document into the phone, where it is picked up by computer, which writes it into a file. A human operator, checks the completed text for errors before being sent to the user's E-mail box, usually within three hours or by the next working day.

Behind the success of the product, which was used to write this article, lies military technology. Traditionally, speech recognition systems have been limited in use because they must be treated with care and dictated to slowly with no interfering background noise. In addition, previous systems have had to get accustomed to the voice of an individual user. The Speech Machine's system can operate in high-noise environments and will usually recognize voices immediately. Features like this were developed by the Defense Research Agency.

Users must dictate punctuation marks, such as "comma" and "new paragraph" which the system recognizes as such rather than writing the exact words. The finished document can also be faxed to clients or to the user's base office. The benefit of the service is that it requires no extra training for users. Many professionals already know how to dictate documents because they do it all the time. Using the Net, the clients and typists can be anywhere in the world and the service will run 24 hours a day.

According to the passage, the Speech Machine's system was developed by ______.

A.the telephone office

B.a British company

C.the Defense Research Agency

D.the military service

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第6题

Passage Two:Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Attention to detail is s
omething everyone can and should do—especially in a tight job market. Bob Crossley, a human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that come across his desk every day. “It’s amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves.” he says.

Resume (简历) arrive with stains. Some candidates don’t bother to spell the company’s name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate, Crossley concludes. “If they cannot take of these details, why should we trust them with a job?”

Can we pay too much attention to detail? Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward, “To keep from losing the forest for the trees”, says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco, “We must constantly ask ourselves how the details we’re working on fit into the larger picture. If they don’t, we should drop them and move to something else”.

Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. “The Apollo II moon launch was slightly off-course 90 percent of the time.” Says Garfield, “But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments as necessary.” Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake.

Too often we believe what accounts for others’ success is some special secret or a lucky break (机遇). But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow.

第26题:According to the passage, some job applicants were rejected ________.

A) because of their carelessness as shown in their failure to present a clean copy of a resume

B) because of their inadequate education as shown in their poor spelling in writing a resume

C) because they failed to give detailed description of their background in their applications

D) because they eliminated their names from the applicants’ list themselves

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第7题

Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do especially in a tight job mark
et. Bob Crossley, a human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that come across his desk every day. "It's amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves. He says.

"Resume(简历)arrive with stains. Some candidates don't bother to spell the company's name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate," Crossley concludes. "If they cannot take of these details, why should we trust them with a job?"

Can we pay too much attention to detail? Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. "To keep from losing the forest for the trees", says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco , "We must constantly ask ourselves how the details we're working on fit into the larger picture. If they don't, we should drop them and move to something else".

Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NAST. "The Apollo Ⅱ moon launch was slightly off-course 90 percent of the time. "Says Garfield," But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This al lowed us to make adjustments as necessary. "Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake.

Too often we believe what accounts for others' success is some special secret or a lucky break(机遇). But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow.

According to the passage, some job applicants were rejected ______.

A.because of their carelessness as shown in their failure to present a clean copy of a resume

B.because of their inadequate education as shown in their poor spelling in writing a resume

C.because they failed to give detailed description of their background in their applications

D.because they eliminated their names from the applicants' list themselves

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第8题

Attention to detail is something everyone can and should pay—especially in a tight job mar
ket. Bob Crossley, a human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that came across his desk every day. "It's amazing how many candidates(求职者) eliminate themselves," he says.

"Resumes (简历) arrive with stains. Some candidates don't bother (麻烦) to spell the company's name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate," Crossley concludes. "If they cannot take care of these details, why should we trust them with a job?"

Can we pay too much attention to detail? Absolutely not. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. "To keep from losing the forest for the trees", says Charles Garfield, associate (副) professor at the University of California, San Francisco, "We must constantly ask ourselves how the details we're working on fit into the larger picture. If they don't, we should drop them and move to something else."

Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NAS@A@"The Apollo Ⅱ moon launch was slightly off-course 90% of the time," says Garfield, "But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments as necessary." Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake.

Too often we believe what accounts for others success is some special secret or a lucky break (机遇). But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow.

According to the passage, some job applicants were rejected______.

A.because of their carelessness as shown in their failure to present(提供) a clean copy of a resume

B.because of their inadequate(不足)education as shown in their poor spelling in writing a resume

C.because they failed to give a detailed description of their background in their applications

D.because they eliminated their names from the applicants' list themselves

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第9题

I dont get five good, genuine,personal letters a year. The time is coming when the lette
r written with penand ink and sent as a personal message from one person to another will be as muchof a rarity as the gold pocket watch carried on a chain. Its a shame.

There is something special abouta personal letter. Its better than a phone call, no matter what the telephonecompany says. A phone call disappears into the air as soon as the receiver is putback on the hook. A good letter can last a lifetime.

Some of my most preciouspossessions are letters that have been written to me sometime in the past. Idont have a single memorable phone call stored in a box in my attic() or basement. Ivenever thrown away a good letter and, like any real treasure, I dont even haveto look at them to enjoy having them. I know I have them. The telephone callscome and go. They make no permanent impression on me and have no place in mymemory.

A personal letter is a good thingbecause you say things you cant say in a crowd and might not even say to theperson face to face. If you feel like it, a letter allows you to take yourselfand your thoughts more seriously than you would dare take them in conversation.And you can say things without interruption.

A good letter is, in many ways,the exact opposite of a political speech. A politician addressing a crowd hasto talk so broadly and generally about the issues in order not to offendanyone of the thousands of people listening that he usually ends up sayingnothing. A letter can be specific, and if the writer has some bias orprejudice, he can even reveal his true self by letting this show. Writing afriend, you shouldnt have to be careful. Abraham Lincolns letter to hisstep-brother telling him he wasnt going to loan him the eighty dollars heasked for tells you more about Abraham Lincoln than the Gettysburg Addressdoes.

Some of our best history has comethat way, from personal letters of famous people that scholars have dug up. Youget a better idea of what someone is really like from a personal letter theywerent expecting you to read than you get from a carefully considered publicstatement theyve made. We say real things in letters.

36.What is a shame according to the author?

A. People sometimes write letters with pen and ink.

B. People hardly carry a gold pocket watch.

C. People never receive anypersonal letters.

D. People rarely send any personal letters.

37.Whats the main idea of paragraphs 2 and 3?

A. What a good personal letter is.

B. What advantage personal letters have.

C. Why people dont write personal letters.

D. Why writing personal letters is so special.

38.What do “issues” in paragraph 5 mean? .

A. The key points of a political speech.

B. The speakers bias and prejudice.

C. Problems that the audiences have.

D.Questions thatarise for discussion.

39.Why does the author use Abraham Lincolns example?

A. To show that a political address has to be general.

B. To show that letter writing sometimes offends people.

C. To show that people say real things in personal letters.

D. To show that even a great man has his dark side.

40.Whats the best word to describe the tone of the author?

A. Objective

B. Persuasive

C. Humorous

D. Ironic

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第10题

When anti-globalization protesters took to the streets of Washington last weekend, they bl
amed globalization for everything from hunger to the destruction of home-grown cultures. And globalization meant the United States. The critics call it Coca-Colonization, and French sheep farmer Jose Bove has become a cult(狂热分子)figure since destroying a McDonald's restaurant in 1999. Contrary to conventional wisdom, however, globalization is neither homogenizing(使……同化)nor Americanizing the cultures of the world.

To understand why not, we have to step back and put the current period in a larger historical perspective. Although they are related, the long-term historical trends of globalization and modernization are not the same. While modernization has produced some common traits, such as large cities, factories and mass communications, local cultures have by no means been erased. The appearance of similar institutions in response to similar problems is not surprising, but it does not lead to homogeneity. In the first half of the 20th century, for example, there were some similarities among the industrial societies of Britain, Germany, America and Japan, but there were even more important differences. When China, India and Brazil complete their current processes of industrialization and modernization, we should not expect them to be exact copies of Japan, Germany or the United States.

Take the current information revolution. The United States is at the forefront of this great movement of change, so the uniform. social and cultural habits produced by television viewing or Internet use, for instance, are often attributed to Americanization. But correlation is not causation(原因). Since the United States does exist and is at the leading edge of the information revolution, there is a degree of Americanization at present, but it is likely to decrease over the course of the 21st century as technology spreads and local cultures modernize in their own ways.

Historical proof that globalization does not necessarily mean homogenization can be seen in the case of Japan. In the mid-19th century, it became the first Asian country to embrace globalization and to borrow successfully from the world without losing its uniqueness. Following the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan searched broadly for tools and innovations that would allow it to become a major power rather than a victim of Western imperialism. The lesson that Japan has to teach the rest of the world is that even a century and a half of openness to global trends dues not necessarily assure destruction of a country's separate cultural identity.

The author's main purpose in writing this passage is to ______.

A.report the progress of some new events

B.criticize extreme and violent actions

C.recall a certain period of American history

D.tell his readers not to be afraid of globalization

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