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[主观题]

Growing populations and expanding economic activity have strained the planets ecosystems o

ver the past half century, a trend that threatens international efforts to combat poverty and disease, a U. N. -sponsored study of the Earths health warned on Wednesday. The four-year, $ 24 million Millennium Ecosystem Assessment found humans have caused heavy damage to the worlds farmlands, forests and watercourses. Unless nations adopt more eco-friendly policies, increased human demands for food, clean water and fuels could speed the disappearance of forests, fish and fresh water reserves and lead to more frequent disease outbreaks over the next 50 years, it warned. The study was compiled by 1 360 scientists from 95 nations who pored over 16 000 satellite photos from the U. S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and analyzed statistics and scientific journals. Their findings highlight the planets problems at the end of the 20th century, as the human population reached 6 billion. Conservation groups called on governments, businesses and individuals to heed the studys warnings.

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发布时间：2019-07-09

更多“Growing populations and expanding economic activity have strained the planets ecosystems o”相关的问题

第1题

Populations tend to grow at an exponential （指数的) rate. This means that they progressive

Populations tend to grow at an exponential (指数的) rate. This means that they progressively double. As an example of this type of growth rate, take one penny and double it every day for one month. After the first week you would have only 64 cents, but after the fourth week you would have over million dollars. This helps explain why the population has come on "all of a sudden". It took from the beginning of human life to the year 1830 for the population of the earth to reach one billion. That represents a time span of at least two million years. Then it took from 1830 to 1930 for world population to reach 2 billion. The next billion was added by 1960, only thirty years, and in 1979 world population reached 4 billion, which is another billion people in only fifteen years. World population is increasing at a rate of 9 000 per hour, 220 000 per day, 80 million per year. This is not only due to high birth rates, but to lower death rates as well. The number of births has not declined at the same rate as the number of deaths. Some countries, such as Colombia, Thailand, Morocco, Costa Rica, and the Philippines, are doubling their populations about every twenty-one years, with a growth rate of 3. 3 percent a year or more. The United States is doubling its population about every eighty-seven years, with a rate of 0. 8 percent per year. Every time a population doubles, the country involved needs twice as much of everything, including hospitals, schools, resources, food and medicines to care for its people, it is easy to see that this is very difficult to achieve for the more rapidly growing countries.

This passage chiefly discusses______.

A．the growth of world population in recent years

B．one type of the exponential rate

C．the population problem of the more rapidly growing countries

D．the possible ways of dealing with the rapid population growth

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第2题

Water— the Issue of This CenturyThe world is running short of fresh water. Populations are

Water— the Issue of This Century

The world is running short of fresh water. Populations are growing bigger and thirstier(渴的), with the result that fresh water is becoming increasingly scarce(缺乏). Half the world's wetlands have disappeared during the last century, while estimates suggest that water use will rise by 50% in the next 30 years.

The World Bank report estimates that as much as half of the world's population, concentrated in Africa, the Middle East and south Asia, will face "severe water shortages" by 2025. Local water conflicts and the loss of freshwater ecosystems appear large in some regions.

A similar picture emerges from the globe's salt water regions. Three-quarters of the world's people may live within 100 km. of the sea in 2025, putting even more pressure on stretched coastal ecosystems. Two thirds of fisheries(渔业) are exploited at or beyond their sustainable limits, and half the world's coral reefs(珊瑚礁) may perish in 100 years. Almost 60% of coral reefs and 34% of fish species are at risk from human activities, the Bank says.

The report concludes that there is ample evidence to justify immediate and coordinated action to safeguard supplies and use water more efficiently.

Fresh water consumption is rising quickly, and the availability of water in some regions is likely to become one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century.

A third of the world's population—around two billion people—live in countries that are experiencing moderate to high water shortages. That proportion could (at current population forecasts) rise to half or more in the next 30 years unless institutions(制度) change to ensure better conservation and allocation of water.

China is one country where the portents(征兆) are gloomy. The most water-stressed country in East Asia, China is exploiting 44% of its usable water, a figure projected to rise to 60% by 2020. Primary withdrawal of water of more than 60% is widely considered by water experts to exceed the environmental carrying capacity of a river basin system. Although China's total use appears still to be reasonable, it has several basins that are severely stressed environmentally.

Withdrawals exceed environmental limits in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and will exceed them in India by 2020. In the Middle East and North Africa, only Morocco has unexploited water resources. The rest have exceeded environmental limits and many are mining aquifers(蓄水层)—bodies of water-bearing rock—the report says.

It is estimated that water use will rise by 50% in the next 30 years.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

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第3题

In Anglo-America there are three major ethnic groups. The first is the original Indian pop

ulation, who today represents a minority group. The second is the descendants of European colonists who emigrated to the two countries before the end of the nineteenth century. These majority populations normally speak English, are highly-educated, and most of them are culturally homogeneous (同类的) in broad cultural values. A third group is made up of ethnic minorities, from Asia, Latin America, Africa, or parts of Europe who have either linguistic, religious, racial, or other cultural attributes that distinguish them from the majority population.

The United States has a varied ethnic minority pattern, without the dominance of one minority group in a specific geographical area. The largest ethnic group in America is the blacks, totaling an estimated 26 million in 1980, or 12 percent of the population. Unlike the French, the black population of the United States is not culturally and geographically isolated in one area. Slightly more than half of American blacks live in the South, and 49 percent reside in the East and the West. The black American speaks English, has a tendency to share, the characteristics of competition, materialism, and individualism with other United States citizens, and has no distinctive religion.

The Spanish-speaking minority in America is reluctant to adopt the values of the dominant cultural group. There is increasingly a demand for bilingual (双语的) education to allow Spanishspeaking children to use English in their educational programs. The existence of a large and growing minority population such as the Spanish-speaking Americans, who are increasingly committed to their own food and newspapers in Latin, is one of the issues facing Anglo-America in the future. The old concept of a melting pot is being replaced by the concept of a plural society.

From the context, we know that "attributes" (Para. 1) means

A．similarities of ethnic groups.

B．qualities belonging to ethnic minorities.

C．differences between ethnic minorities.

D．relationships among ethnic groups.

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第4题

请根据短文的内容，回答题。 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared CitiesA new exam

请根据短文的内容，回答题。

Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities

A new examination of urban policies has been __________ (51) recently by Patricia Romero Lankao. She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and __________ (52) development. She warns that many of the world&39;s fast-growing urban areas, especially in developing countries, will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate. Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to __________ (53) emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse __________ (54). These gases are known to affect the atmosphere. "Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world," says Romero Lankao. "But too few cities are developing effective strategies to __________ (55) their residents."＜br＞

Cities are __________ (56) sources of greenhouse gases. And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao&39;s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term __________ (57).＜br＞

The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential __________ (58) associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat __________ (59) paved cities more than surrounding areas. The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment. For example, a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution, causing widespread health problems. Poorer neighborhoods that may __________ (60) basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads, are especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing __________ (61) access to reliable drinking water, roads and basic services.＜br＞

Local governments, __________ (62), should take measures to protect their residents." Unfortunately, they tend to move towards rhetoric __________ (63) meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes," They don&39;t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don&39;t emphasize mass transit and reduce __________ (64) use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands off approach." Thus, she urges them to change their __________ (65) policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.＜

_________ 查看材料

A.carry along

B.carried away

C.carried out

D.carried back

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第5题

Population Growth in Different NationsMore than 6,500 million people are living in the wor

Population Growth in Different Nations

More than 6,500 million people are living in the world today. By the year 2050, that number is expected to reach 9,000 million. Population experts say most of this growth will be in developing nations in Latin America, South Asia and Africa. Africa's population, for example, is expected to double to almost 2,000 million. And South Asia will have an additional 1,000 million people within the next 50 years.

While population growth is increasing in some developing countries, it is falling in many industrialized nations. The United States is unusual because its population is increasing about I percent a year. This makes the United States the world's fastest growing industrialized nation.

These changes in population growth have raised questions among experts. For example, how will industrialized countries provide for their aging populations, especially-with fewer workers？ How can poor countries provide for their growing populations while poverty, hunger and health care remain problems？ And how does immigration influence both situations？

Population Decrease in Russia

Population experts say Russia faces the most severe population decrease of any country, The population of Russia is now 143 million. It is expected to drop 22 percent over the next 45 years. If this happens, Russia could lose more than 40 percent of its active workforce and have economic problems. The government of President Vladimir Putin is looking for ways to prevent an economic slowdown.

Part of the problem is the short length of time that Russian men generally live. The average life expectancy for Russian men is just 58 years. Russian women live 14 years longer. And men in Western Europe live 16 years longer. Drugs, tobacco smoking and alcohol are some of the main causes of death among Russian men. There are also high numbers of accidents and men killing themselves.

Russia also has low birth rates. A record number of Russians reportedly married last year. But many do not seem ready to have children, those who do take risks. Research shows that 7 out of every 10 Russian babies suffer from health disorders. Every twelfth baby is born weighing too little. All of these changes in Russian society are affecting the country's economy.

More Mega-cities

Almost all of the world's population growth is expected to take place in cities in developing countries. By the year 2030, more than 60 percent of the world's population will be living in cities. Within the next 10 years, experts say there will be 25 "mega-cities"(大城市)of more than 10 million people each.

In India, concerns are increasing about the movement of people from farming areas to these mega- cities. The Indian capital, New De]hi, and Bombay will be among the largest cities in the world.

Environmental experts worry about social pressures and poor living conditions in mega-cities. These huge cities generally lack effective education, health care and transportation systems. In addition, as megacities spread, they take over surrounding agricultural land.

Experts say these problems are intense in Bombay. About half of the city's population of 15 million people live in so-called "slums"(贫民窟). Houses are close together and not well built. They lack clean water and waste removal systems. Diseases spread quickly when people live too close together. Indian officials are trying to deal with the problem. Yet, they admit it will be difficult when an estimated 200 families move to cities like Bombay each day.

Population Growth in America

The United States is the only industrial country to experience population growth. In the past 10 years, the population increased from 263 million to an expected 300 million later this year. The American population is increasing at almost 1 percent a year. 40 percent of this growth comes f

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第6题

根据下列文章,请回答 31～35 题。 Text 3 In Anglo-America there are three major ethnic gro

根据下列文章,请回答 31～35 题。

Text 3

In Anglo-America there are three major ethnic groups. The first is the original Indian population, who today represents a minority group. The second is the descendants of European colonists who emigrated to the two countries before the end of the nineteenth century. These majority populations normally speak English, are highly-educated, and most of them are culturally homogeneous(同类的)in broad cultural values. A third group is made up of ethnic minorities, from Asia, Latin America, Africa, or parts of Europe who have either linguistic, religious, racial, or other cultural attributes that distinguish them from the majority population.

The United States has a varied ethnic minority pattern, without the dominance of one minority group in a specific geographical area. The largest ethnic group in America is the blacks, totaling an estimated 26 million in 1980, or 12 percent of the population. Unlike the French, the black population of the United States is not culturally and geographically isolated in one area. Slightly more than half of American blacks live in the South, and 49 percent reside in the East and the West. The black American speaks English, has a tendency to share the characteristics of competition,materialism,and individualism with other United States citizens, and has no distinctive religion.

The Spanish-speaking minority in America is reluctant to adopt the values of the dominant cultural group. There is increasingly a demand for bilingual (双语的)education to allow Spanish speaking children to use English in their educational programs. The existence of a large and growing minority population such as the Spanish-speaking Americans, who are increasingly committed to their own food and newspapers in Latin, is one of the issues facing Anglo-America in the future.The old concept of a melting pot is being replaced by the concept of a plural society.

第 31 题 From the context, we know that "attributes"(Para.1)means

A．similarities of ethnic groups.

B．qualifies belonging to ethnic minorities.

C．differences between ethnic minorities.

D．relationships among ethnic groups.

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第7题

Cars account for half the oil consumed in the US, about half the urban pollution and one-f

ourth the greenhouse gases. They take a similar oil of resources in other industrial nations and in the cities of the developing world. As vehicle use continues to increase in the coming decade, the US and other countries will have to deal with these issues or else face unacceptable economic, health-related and political costs. It is unlikely that oil prices will remain at their current low level or that other nations will accept a large and growing US contribution to global climatic change.

Policymakers and industry have four options: reduce vehicle use, increase the efficiency and reduce the emissions of conventional gasoline-powered vehicles, switch to less harmful fuels, or find less polluting driving systems. The last of these -- in particular the introduction of vehicles powered by electricity -- is ultimately the only sustainable option. The other alternatives are attractive in theory but in practice are either impractical or offer only marginal improvements. For example, reduced vehicle use could solve traffic problems and a host of social and environmental problems, but evidence from around the world suggests that it is very difficult to make people give up their cars to any significant extent. In the US, mass transit ridership and carpooling have declined since World War Ⅱ. Even in western Europe, with fuel prices averaging more than $1 a liter (about $ 4 a gallon) and with easily accessible mass transit and dense populations, cars still account for 80 percent of all passenger travel.

Improved energy efficiency is also appealing, but automotive fuel economy has barely made any progress in 10 years. Alternative fuels such as natural gas, burned in internal-combustion engines, could be introduced at relatively low cost, but they would lead to only marginal reductions in pollution and greenhouse emissions (especially because oil companies are already spending billions of dollars every year to develop less polluting types of gasoline).

From the passage we know that the increased use of cars will ______.

A．consume half of the oil produced in the world

B．have serious consequences for the well-being of all nations

C．widen the gap between the developed and developing countries

D．impose an intolerable economic burden on residents of large cities

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第8题

Cars account for half the oil consumed in the U. S. , about half the urban pollution and o

ne fourth the greenhouse (温室)gases. They take a similar toll of (损耗) resources in other industrial nations and in the cities of the developing world. As vehicle use continues to increase in the coming decade, the U. S. and other countries will have to deal with these issues or else face unacceptable economic, health-related and political costs. It is unlikely that oil prices will remain at their current low level or that other nations will accept a large and growing U. S. contribution to global climatic change.

Policy-makers and industry have four options: reduce vehicle use, increase the efficiency and reduce the emissions of conventional gasoline-powered vehicles, switch to less harmful fuels, or find less polluting driving systems. The last of these---in particular the introduction of vehicles powered by electricity---is ultimately the only sustainable option. The other alternatives are attractive in theory but in practice are either impractical or offer only marginal improvements. For example, reduced vehicle use could solve traffic problems and a host of social and environmental problems, but evidence from around the would suggests that it is very difficult to make people give up their cars to any significant significant extent. In the U. S., mass-transit ridership and carpooling (合伙用车) have declined since World Ⅱ. Even in western Europe, with fuel prices averaging more than $ 1 a liter(about $ 4 a gallon)and with easily accessible mass transit and dense populations, cars still account for 80 percent of all passenger travel.

Improved energy efficiency is also appealing, but automotive fuel economy has barely made any progress in 10 years. Alternative fuels such as natural gas, burned in internal-combustion engines, could be introduced at relatively low cost, but they would lead to only marginal reductions in pollution and greenhouse emissions(especially because oil companies are already spending billions of dollars every year to develop less polluting types of gasoline).

From the passage we know that the increased use of cars will ________.

A．consume half of the oil produced in the world

B．have serious consequences for the well-being of all nations

C．widen the gap between the developed and developing countries

D．impose an intolerable economic burden on residents of large cities

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第9题

听力原文：Thirty years ago, anyone blaming loneliness for physical illness would have been

听力原文： Thirty years ago, anyone blaming loneliness for physical illness would have been laughed at. But as scientists studied different populations, loneliness kept emerging as a risk factor. In one study, Californian researchers followed 4,700 residents of Alameda County for 10 years, starting in 1965.

At first, the participants reported their key sources of companionship and estimated the time they devoted to each other. During the study, the people who reported the least social contact died at nearly three times the rate of those reporting the most. The source of companionship didn't matter, but time spent with others was critical.

Since then, researchers have studied men, women, soldiers and students from countries all over the world. And the same pattern keeps emerging. Women who say they feel isolated go on to die of cancer at several times the expected rate. College students who report "strained and cold" relationships with their parents suffer extraordinary rates of hypertension and heart disease decades later. Heart-attack survivors who happen to live by themselves die at twice tile rate of those who live with others.

For those of us who are still healthy, the lesson should be obvious. It's clear that reaching out to others can help our bodies thrive. It's equally clear that we're growing more isolated. In 1900, only 5 percent of U.S. households consisted of one person living alone. The proportion reached 13 percent in 1960, and it stands at 25 percent today. In a book entitled Bowling Alone, author Robert Putnam shows that oar social connections are disappearing on other levels, too In 1976, Americans attended an average of 12 club meetings a year. The current average is five. Card games, dinner parties and shared family meals have all followed the same pattern. We all have a good excuse we're too busy but we shouldn't be surprised when it catches up with us.

(30)

A．The key source of connections.

B．The time spent with others.

C．The kind of social contact.

D．The degree of solitude.

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第10题

Bear populations have decreased because humans have overhunted hears and occupied their ha

bitat.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG