______ merely gives the gross weight and net weight of each piece.

her people, or gives most modern men the right to despise him. Then the question arises. Why are beggars despised？ For they are despised, universally. I believe it is for the simple reason that they fail to earn a decent living. In practice nobody cares whether work is useful or useless, productive or parasitic; the sole thing demanded is that it shall be profitable. In all the modern talk about energy, efficiency, social service and the rest of it, what meaning is there except "Get money, get it legally, and get a lot of it"？ Money has become the grand test of virtue. By this test beggars fail, and for this they are despised. If one could earn even ten pounds a week at begging, it would become a respectable profession immediately. A beggar, looked at realistically, is simply a businessman, getting his living, like other businessmen, in the way that comes to hand. He has not, more than most modern people, sold his honor; he has merely made the mistake of choosing a trade at which it is impossible to grow rich.

owing his death. But he has since found many able champions and the tide has turned. The prince has been termed a manual for tyrants, the effect of which has been most harmful. But were Machiavelli's doctrines really new？ Did he discover them？ He merely had the frankness and courage to write down what everybody was thinking and what everybody knew. He merely gives us the impressions he had received from a long and intimate intercourse with princes and the affairs of state. It was Lord Bacon who said that Machiavelli tells us what princes do, not what they ought to do. When Machiavelli takes Cassar Borgia as a model, he does not praise him as a hero at all, but merely as a prince who was capable of attaining the end in view. The life of the state was the primary object. It must be maintained. And Machiavelli has laid down the principles, based upon his study and wide experience, by which this may be accomplished. He wrote from the view-point of the politician—not of the moralist. What is good politics may be bad morals, and in fact, by a strange fatality, where morals and politics clash, the latter generally gets the upper hand. And will anyone contend that the principles set forth by Machiavelli in his Prince or his Discourses have entirely per？ished from the earth？ Has diplomacy been entirely stripped of fraud and duplicity？ Let anyone read the famous eighteenth chapter of The Prince:" In what Manner Princes should Keep their Faith," and he will be convinced that what was true nearly four hundred years ago, is quite as true today.

Of the remaining works of Machiavelli the most important is the History of Florence written between 1521 and 1525, and dedicated to Clement VII.This book is merely a rapid review of the MiddleAges, and as part of it the history of Florence. Machiavelli's method has been criticized for adhering at times too closely to the chroniclers of his time, and at others rejecting their testimony without apparent reason, while in its details the authority of his History is often questionable. It is the straightforward, logical narrative, which always holds the interest of the reader, that is the greatest charm of the History.

It can be inferred from the beginning of the text that

A．many people used to think highly of Machiavelli.

B．Machiavelli had been very influential among the rulers.

C．Machiavelli was widely read among his contemporaries.

D．Machiavelli has been a target of criticism throughout history.

Text 4

No man has been more harshly judged than Machiavelli, especially in the two centuries follow-ing his death. But he has since found many able champions and the tide has turned. The prince has been termed a manual for tyrants, the effect of which has been most harmful. But were Machiavelli's doctrines really new？ Did he discover them？ He merely had the frankness and cour- age to write down what everybody was thinking and what everybody knew. He merely gives us the impressions he had received from a long and intimate intercourse with princes and the affairs of state. It was Lord Bacon who said that Machiavelli tells us what princes do, not what they ought to do. When Machiavelli takes Caesar Borgia as a model, he does not praise him as a hero at all, but merely as a prince who was capable of attaining the end in view. The life of the state was the prima- ry object. It must be maintained. And Machiavelli has laid down the principles, based upon his stud-y and wide experience, by which this may be accomplished. He wrote from the view-point of the politician-not of the moralist. What is good politics may be bad morals, and in fact, by a strange fatality, where morals and politics clash, the latter generally gets the upper hand. And will anyone contend that the principles set forth by Machiavelli in his Prince or his Discourses have entirely per- ished from the earth？ Has diplomacy been entirely stripped of fraud and duplicity？ Let anyone read the famous eighteenth chapter of The Prince:"ln what Manner Princes should Keep their Faith,"and he will be convinced that what was true nearly four hundred years ago, is quite as true today.

Of the remaining works of Machiavelli the most important is the History of Florence written be-

tween 1521 and 1525, and dedicated to Clement VII. This book is merely a rapid review of the Middle

Ages, and as part of it the history of Florence. Machiavelli's method has been criticized for adhering

at times too closely to the chroniclers of his time, and at others rejecting their testimony without ap-

parent reason, while in its details the authority of his History is often questionable.lt is the straightfor-

ward, logical narrative, which always holds the interest of the reader, that is the greatest charm of

the History.

56. It can be inferred from the beginning of the text that

[ A] many people used to think highly of Machiavelli.

[ B] Machiavelli had been very influential among the rulers.

[ C] Machiavelli was widely read among his contemporaries.

[ D] Machiavelli has been a target of criticism throughout history.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Before 1933, and particularly during the period 1929—1933, bank failures were not uncommon.【51】 a bank overextended itself in creating credit or if several of its important loans could not be【52】, depositors in the bank would frequently become panicky and begin to make large withdrawals.【53】 the bank had only a small number of its deposits backed by currency, the bank would soon be unable to meet withdrawals, and most depositors【54】 their money. Most frequently a bank merely needed time to improve its cash position by【55】some of its loans and not making additional ones. In 1933, the number of bank failures【56】 a peak, forcing the federal government to intervene and【57】 the banks temporarily. To help restore the public's confidence【58】 banks and strengthen the banking community, Congress passed legislation setting up the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.【59】 corporation, an agency of the federal government, now insures over 90 percent of all mutual savings and commercial bank deposits for【60】 $100,000 per deposit. The FDIC has【61】 its insurance found by charging member institutions one-twelfth of 1 percent of their total deposits.

As a result of the protection provided by the FDIC and through other kinds of supervision, bank failures have been【62】 to a few isolated instances. When deposits are federally insured, people【63】 rush to withdraw their money if they【64】 the financial condition of their bank. The delay gives the banks the necessary time to adjust their cash credit balance, and this action helps to reduce the【65】 of bankruptcy.

(51)

A．Although

B．Even if

C．If

D．Because

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Before 1933, and particularly during the period 1929-33, bank failures were not un- common.______1 a bank overextended itself in creating credit or if several of its important loans could not be______2 , depositors in the bank would frequently become panicky and be- gin to make large withdrawals.______3 the bank had only a small number of its deposits backed by currency, the bank would soon be unable to meet withdrawals, and most depositors______4 their money. Most frequently a bank merely needed time to improve its cash position by______5 some of its loans and not making additional ones. In 1933, the number of bank failures______6 a peak, forcing the federal government to intervene and ______7 the banks temporarily. To help restore the public's confidence______8 banks and strengthen the banking community, Congress passed legislation setting up the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.______9 corporation, an agency of the federal government, now insures over 90 percent of all mutual savings and commercial bank deposits for______10 $100,000 per deposit. The FDIC has______11 its insurance fund by charging member institutions one-twelfth of 1 percent of their total deposits. As a result of the protection provided by the FDIC and through other kinds of supervision, bank failures have been______12. to a few isolated instances. When de- posits are federally insured, people______13 rush to withdraw their money if they______14 the financial condition of their bank. The delay gives the banks the necessary time to adjust their cash credit balance, and this action helps to reduce the______15 of bankruptcy.

第 51 题 请选择（1）处的最佳答案．

A．Although

B．Even if

C．If

D．Because

Read the article below about Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

Choose the best word to fill each gap, from A, B, C or D.

For each question 19—33, make one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.

There is an example at the beginning.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Before 1993, and particularly…example… the period 1929-33, bank failures were not uncommon.

(19)…a bank overextended itself in creating credit or if several of its important loans could not be

repaid, depositors in the bank would frequently become panicky(惊慌的)and (20)… to make large withdrawals. (21)… the bank had only a small number of its deposits backed by currency, the bank would soon be unable to meet withdrawals , and most depositors (22)…their money. Most frequently a bank merely needed time to improve its cash position by calling in some of its loans and not making additional ones. In 1933, the number of bank failures (23)…a peak, forcing the federal government to intervene and (24)… the banks temporarily (暂时地). To help restore the public's confidence in banks and strengthen the banking community, Congress passed legislation setting (25)…the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. (26)…corporation, an agency of the federal government, now insures over 90 percent of all mutual (互相的) savings and commercial bank deposits for (27)…$ 100, 000 per deposit. The FDIC has (28)…its insurance fund by charging member institutions one-twelfth of 1 percent of their total deposits.

As a result of the protection (29)… by the FDIC and through other kinds of supervision (监管)，

bank failures have been reduced to a few isolated instances. When deposits are federally insured, people (30) …rush to withdraw their money if they (31)…the financial condition of their bank. The delay gives the banks the necessary time to adjust their cash credit balance, and this action helps to reduce the (32)…of bankruptcy(破产). For an example of the value of the FDIC, note that the failure in 1974 of the huge Franklin National Bank did not (33)…a panic, and that depositors lost no money as Franklin was taken over by another bank.

(19)

A．Although

B．Even if

C．If

D．Because

下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Before 1933， and particularly during the period 1929——1933， bank failures were not uncommon._________（51） a bank overextended itself in creating credit or if several of its important loans could not be _________（52）， depositors in the bank would frequently become panicky and begin to make large withdrawals. _________（53） the bank had only a small number of its deposits backed by currency， the bank would soon be unable to meet withdrawals， and most depositors _________（54） their money. Most frequently a bank merely needed time to improve its cash position by _________（55）some of its loans and not making additional ones. In 1933， the number of bank failures _________（56）a peak， forcing the federal government to intervene and_________（57） the banks temporarily. To help restore the public"s confidence_________ （58） banks and strengthen the banking community， Congress passed legislation setting up the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. _________（59） corporation， an agency of the federal government，now insures over 90 percent of all mutual savings and commercial bank deposits for _________ （60）$ 100，000 per deposit. The FDIC has _________（61）its insurance fund by charging member in-stitutions one-twelfth of 1 percent of their total deposits.

As a result of the protection provided by the FDIC and through other kinds of supervision，bank failures have been _________（62） to a few isolated instances. When deposits are federally insured， people_________（63） rush to withdraw their money if they_________（64） the financial condition of their bank. The delay gives the banks the necessary time to adjust their cash credit balance， and this action helps to reduce the _________（65） of bankruptcy.

51 查看材料

A.Although

B.Even if

C.If

D.Because

—Read the article below about Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

—Choose the best word to fill each gap, from A, B, C or D.

—For each question 19-33, make one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet,

—There is an example at the beginning.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Before 1993, and particularly during the period 1929-33, bank failures were not uncommon. (19)______ a bank overextended itself in creating credit or if several of its important loans could not be repaid, depositors in the bank would frequently become panicky (惊慌的) and (20)______ to make large withdrawals. (21)______ the bank had only a small number of its deposits backed by currency, the bank would soon be unable to meet withdrawals, and most depositors (22)______ their money. Most frequently a bank merely needed time to improve its cash position by calling in some of its loans and not making additional ones. In 1933, the number of bank failures (23)______ a peak, forcing the federal government to intervene and (24)______ the banks temporarily (暂时地). To help restore the public's confidence in banks and strengthen the banking community, Congress passed legislation setting (25)______ the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. (26)______ corporation, an agency of the federal government, now insures over 90 percent of all mutual (互相的) savings and commercial bank deposits for (27)______ $100,000 per deposit. The FDIC has (28)______ its insurance fund by charging member institutions one-twelfth of 1 percent of their total deposits.

As a result of the protection (29)______ by the FDIC and through other kinds of supervision (监管), bank failures have been reduced to a few isolated instances. When deposits are federally insured, people (30)______ rush to withdraw their money if they (31)______ the financial condition of their bank. The delay gives the banks the necessary time to adjust their cash credit balance, and this action helps to reduce the (32)______ of bankruptcy (破产). For an example of the value of the FDIC, note that the failure in 1974 of the huge Franklin National Bank did not (33)______ a panic, and that depositors lost no money as Franklin was taken over by another bank.

A．Although

B．Even if

C．If

D．Because

A.else

B.itself

C.merely

D.themselves