重要提示：请勿将账号共享给其他人使用，违者账号将被封禁！
查看《购买须知》>>>
首页 > 外语类考试> 大学英语四级
网友您好，请在下方输入框内输入要搜索的题目：
搜题
拍照、语音搜题，请扫码下载APP
扫一扫 下载APP
题目内容 （请给出正确答案）
[主观题]

Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first use

d instead of charcoal(木炭)for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars for supporting arches, vaults(拱顶), and walls. With the improvement in refining ore, it was now possible to make castiron beams and columns. During the nineteenth century further advances were made, notably Bessemer's process for converting iron into steel, which made tile material more commercially feasible.

Iron was rapidly adopted for the construction of bridges, because its strength was far greater than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly. By 1800 a complete internal iron skeleton for buildings had been developed in industrial architecture replacing traditional timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.

Significantly, the use of exposed iron occurred mainly in the new building types produced by the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition halls, and railroad stations, where its practical advantages far outweighed its lack of status. Designers of the railroad stations of the new age explored the potential of iron, covering huge areas with spans that surpassed the great vaults of medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton's Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1848 feet by 408 feet in assembled units of glass set in iron frames. The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far with the Halle des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artists of Paris as expensive and ugly foolishness. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic(审美的)status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.

What does the passage mainly discuss？

A．Advances in iron processing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

B．The effects of the Industrial Revolution on traditional architectural styles.

C．Advantages of stone and timber over steel as building materials.

D．The evolution of the use of iron in architecture.

答案
查看答案
发布时间：2020-09-07
收藏
更多“Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first use”相关的问题

第1题

According to the passage, how did the Bessemer method make the mass production of steel po
ssible？

A．It directed air at melted iron in a furnace, removing all impurities.

B．It slowly heated iron ore, then stirred it and heated it again.

C．It changed iron ore into iron, which was a substitute for' steel.

D．It could quickly find deposits of iron ore under the ground.

点击查看答案

第2题

The railroad industry could not have grown as large as it did without steel. The first rai
ls were made of iron. But iron rails were not strong enough to support heavy trains running at high speeds. Railroad executives wanted to replace them with steel rails because steel was ten or fifteen times stronger and lasted twenty times longer. Before the 1870's, however, steel was too expensive to be widely used. It was made by a slow and expensive process of heating, stirring, and reheating iron ore.

Then the inventor Henry Bessemer discovered that directing a blast of air at melted iron in a furnace would burn out the impurities that made the iron brittle (易碎的). As the air shot through the furnace, the bubbling metal would erupt in showers of sparks. When the fire cooled, the metal had been changed, or converted, to steel. The Bessemer Converter made possible the mass production of steel. Now three to five tons of iron could be changed into steel in a mater of minutes.

Just when the demand for more and more steel developed, prospectors, discovered huge new deposits of iron ore in the Mesabi Range, a 120-mile-long region in Minnesota near Lake Superior. The Mesabi deposits were so near the surface that they could be mined with steam shovels.

Barges and steamers carded the iron ore through Lake Superior to depots (车站) on the southern shores of Lake Michigan and Lake Erie. With dizzying speed, Gary, Indiana, and Toledo, Youngstown, and Cleveland, Ohio, became major steel-manufacturing centers. Pittsburgh was the greatest steel city of all.

Steel was the basic building material of the industrial age. Production skyrocketed from seventy-seven thousand tons in 1870 to over eleven million tons in 1900.

According to the passage, the railroad industry preferred steel to iron because steel was ______.

A．cheaper and more plentiful

B．lighter, and easier to mold

C．cleaner, and easier to mine

D．stronger and more durable

点击查看答案

第3题

The technology of the North American colonies did not differ strikingly from that of Europ
e, but in one respect, the colonists enjoyed a great advantage. Especially by comparison with Britain, Americans had a wonderfully plentiful supply of wood.

The first colonists did not, as many people imagine, find an entire continent covered by a continuous forest. Even along the Atlantic seaboard, the forest was broken at many points. Nevertheless, all sorts of fine trees abounded, and through the early colonial period, those who pushed westward encountered new forests. By the end of the colonial era, the price of wood had risen slightly in eastern cities, but wood was still extremely abundant.

The availability of wood brought advantages that have seldom been appreciated. Wood was a foundation of the economy. Houses and all manner of buildings were made of wood to a degree un known in Britain. Secondly, wood was used as a fuel for heating and cooking. Thirdly, it was used as the source of important industrial compounds, such as potash, an industrial alkali; char coal, a component of gunpowder, and tannic acid, used for tanning leather.

The supply of wood conferred advantages but had some negative aspects as well. Iron at that time was produced by heating iron ore With charcoal. Because Britain was so stripped of trees, she was unable to exploit her rich iron mines. But the American colonies had both iron ore and wood; iron production was encouraged and became successful. However, when Britain developed coke smelting, the colonies did not follow suit because they had plenty of wood and besides, charcoal iron was stronger than coke iron. Coke smelting led to technological innovations and was linked to the emergence of the Industrial Revolution. In the early nineteenth century, the former colonies lagged behind Britain in industrial development because their supply of wood led them to cling to charcoal iron.

Which of the following is a common assumption about the forests in North America during the colonial period？

A．Their economic value was little known.

B．They contained only a few types of trees.

C．They covered almost the entire continent.

D．They existed only along the Atlantic seaboard.

点击查看答案

第4题

Text 3The technology of the North American colonies did not differ strikingly from that of

Text 3

The technology of the North American colonies did not differ strikingly from that of Europe,

but in one respect, the colonists enjoyed a great advantage. Especially by comparison with Britain,

Americans had a wonderfully plentiful supply of wood.

The first colonists did not, as many people imagine, find an entire continent covered by a con-

tinuous forest. Even along the Atlantic seaboard, the forest was broken at many points. Neverthe- less, all sorts of fine trees abounded, and through the early colonial period, those who pushed westward encountered new forests. By the end of the colonial era, the price of wood had risen slightly in eastern cities, but wood was still extremely abundant.

The availability of wood brought advantages that have seldom been appreciated. Wood was a foundation of the economy. Houses and all manner of buildings were made of wood to a degree un- known in Britain. Secondly, wood was used as a fuel for heating and cooking. Thirdly, it was used as the source of important industrial compounds, such as potash, an industrial alkali; char- coal, a component of gunpowder, and tannic acid, used for tanning leather.

The supply of wood conferred advantages but had some negative aspects as well. Iron at that time was produced by heating iron ore with charcoal. Because Britain was so stripped of trees, she was unable to exploit her rich iron mines. But the American colonies had both iron ore and wood; iron production was encouraged and became successful. However, when Britain developed coke smelting, the colonies did not follow suit because they had plenty of wood and besides, charcoal iron was stronger than coke iron. Coke smelting led to technological innovations and was linked to

the emergence of the Industrial Revolution. In the early nineteenth century, the former colonies lagged behind Britain in industrial development because their supply of wood led them to cling to charcoal iron.

56. Which of the following is a common assumption about the forests in North America during

the colonial period？

[A] Their economic value was little known.

[B] They contained only a few types of trees.

[C] They covered almost the entire continent.

[D] They existed only along the Atlantic seaboard.

点击查看答案

第5题

One of medicine's fundamental beliefs about pregnancy and the development of the human fet
us has been challenged. Until recently, it was thought that the fetus was a parasite capable of extracting all the nutrients it needed from the mother. It is now realized that adequate nutrition during the entire course of the pregnancy is necessary for proper fetal development.

In early pregnancy, certain changes occur in the mother's gastrointestinal tract, resulting in more efficient absorption of specific nutrients, such as iron and calcium. Furthermore, the maternal blood supply increases, so that nutrients can be transported via the uterine and placental blood systems: If the mother is undernourished, this "lifeline" to the fetus will be inadequately developed. Finally, fat is accumulated within the body to store the energy necessary for lactation (milk production), This preparation for lactation is so important that if the mother is inadequately nourished, it will take place even at the expense of fetal growth. It is a logical developmental occurrence, since in the natural world, no infant can survive without successful breastfeeding, and thus fetal growth is less of a priority.

According to the passage, which of the following is required for lactation？

A．Fat storage.

B．Iron and calcium.

C．Increased blood supply.

D．A well-nourished placenta.

点击查看答案

第6题

Including a few bites of meat in the diets of poor children from developing countries impr
oves both their health and their performance in mental tests, according to reports presented at this years annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In one study from rural Kenya,【C1】______found that children who ate【C2】______ounces of meat every day, along with their lunch of corn and beans,【C3】______better in problem-solving tests【C4】______children given supplements of milk or vegetable oil. This small【C5】______of meat gave children all their daily needs【C6】______vitamin B12, 68 percent of all they needed of zinc, and 26 percent of their daily iron【C7】______, the researchers noted. Dr. Howarth Bouis of the International Food Policy Research Institute in Washington D. C, told Reuters Health that research【C8】______children who dont get enough iron, zinc and other【C9】______have a weakened immune system,【C10】______growth and cognitive impairments. And when entire generations of children arent getting enough nutrients,【C11】______can have implications nationwide, Bouis added.【C12】______, the World Bank estimates that micronutrient deficiencies【C13】______South Asia 5 percent of its GDP each year, he said. "When you cant work【C14】______hard, you cant think as well. It【C15】______from economic development, " Bouis said. He added that children in【C16】______countries dont get enough nutrients【C17】______they cant afford them, so its up to the government to【C18】______. For instance, the government could【C19】______programs that increase production of nutrient-rich foods, which【C20】______down the price, Bouis suggested.

【C1】

A．investigators

B．reporters

C．scientists

D．students

点击查看答案

第7题

听力原文：Watches, which ore really small clocks, were first made during the sixteenth cent
ury. The earliest watches were made of heavy iron, and people wore them hanging from their belts. Little by little, watches were made smaller so that they could be carried more easily. The invention of the machinery for the mass production of these parts of clocks and watches was an important step in making clocks and watches available to the general public. In some watches, small pieces of precious stones, such as rubies or sapphires, are used at the points on which the wheels mm. Since these stones are very hard, they do not wear down very easily under the friction of the moving wheels. Thus a watch utilizing such stones will keep accurate time over a much longer period than other watches.

Some modern watches can measure very small fractions of time. These watches ore useful in timing athletic events. When a button is pressed on these watches, a special second hand begins to move. This type of watch can also be used to count a patient's pulse. It would be difficult to imagine today's world without clocks and watches.

(23)

A．Iron.

B．Copper.

C．Gold.

D．Lead.

点击查看答案

第8题

By 1800 more than a thousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles, and Britain r
etained a virtual monopoly on steam engine production until the 1830s. Steam power did not merely spin cotton and roll iron; early in the new century, it also multiplied ten times over the amount of paper that a single worker could produce in a day. At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty. Steam also promised to eliminate a transportation problem not fully solved by either canal boats or turnpikes. Boats could carry heavy weights, but canals could not cross hilly terrain; turnpikes could cross the hills, but the roadbeds could not stand up under great weights. These problems needed still another solution, and the ingredients for it lay close at hand. In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons, with flanged wheels, were being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine. Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients, by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse. Thus the railroad age sprang from what had already happened in the eighteenth century.

The word "retained" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A．gained

B．established

C．profited from

D．maintained

点击查看答案

第9题

听力原文： The territorial growth in the United States was followed by great industrial exp
ansion. The country was rich in natural resources. A constant flow of immigration provided the labor force necessary to develop these resources. New industries were started. Chicago, St. Louis, and Detroit grew from small towns to large cities. The United States became the greatest industrial country in the world.

Detroit's growth has been typical of these new American cities. Situated on the Detroit River close to the Great Lakes, it had the geographical advantages necessary for industrial growth. Factories for manufacture of bicycles and wagon bodies were established there. With the coming of the automobile, these factories were converted into automobile plants. The American system of mass production was introduced. The industry grew and Detroit grew with it.

Detroit today is the fifth largest city in the United States. Four Detroit automobile companies produce 96 percent of all American cars. Twenty thousand of these cars roll off Detroit assembly lines each day. Some of the factories there never stop. They have three groups or "shifts" of workers. Each shift works eight hours and is relieved by a new shift, making all together a twenty-four-hour day. So Detroit has been called "The City of Three Shifts". As a result, in the Ford plant it is possible to build an entire car in less than twenty- eight hours. In little more than a day, pure iron can be converted into a shiny new car of the latest model.

(33)

A．The growth of Detroit as an industrial city.

B．Detroit, the fifth largest city in the U. S. A.

C．The geographical advantages of Detroit.

D．The car industry in the U. S. A.

点击查看答案

第10题

听力原文：The territorial growth in the United States was followed by great industrial expa

听力原文： The territorial growth in the United States was followed by great industrial expansion. The country was rich in natural resources. A constant flow of immigration provided the labor force necessary to develop these resources. New industries were started. Chicago, St. Louis, and Detroit grew from small towns to large cities. The United States became the greatest industrial country in the world.

Detroit's growth has been typical of the new American cities. Situated on the Detroit River close to the Great Lakes, it had the geographical advantages necessary for industrial growth. Factories for manufacture of bicycles and wagon bodies were established there. With the coming of the automobile, these factories were converted into automobile plants. The American system of mass production was introduced. The industry grew and Detroit grew with it.

Detroit today is the fifth greatest city in the United States. Four Detroit automobile companies produce 96 percent of all American cars. Twenty thousand of these cars roll off Detroit assembly lines each day. Some of the factories there never stop. They have three groups or "shifts" of workers. Eachshift works eight hours and relieved by a new shift, making all together a twenty-four-hour day. So it is that Detroit has been called "The City of Three Shifts." As a result, in the Ford plant it is possible to build an entire car in less than twenty-eight hours. In little more than a day, pure iron ore can be converted into a shiny new car of the latest model.

(33)

A．The growth of Detroit as an industrial city.

B．Detroit, the fifth largest city in the U.S.A.

C．The geographical advantages of Detroit.

D．The Car industry in the U. S. A.

点击查看答案
考试指南 全部 >
云南初级银行职业资格准考证打印时间是哪天基金从业人员资格考试科目浙江初级银行职业资格考试多少分及格基金从业资格证书是什么2024年银行从业资格考试报名科目有哪些基金从业资格证书可以做什么工作2024年银行业从业资格考试题型基金从业资格证多久考一次2024年大学生可以报考银行从业资格考试吗基金从业资格考试科目哪个简单
违法和不良信息举报 在线客服
    搜题
    下载APP
    关注公众号
    TOP
    重置密码
    账号：
    旧密码：
    新密码：
    确认密码：
    确认修改
    购买搜题卡查看答案 购买前请仔细阅读《购买须知》
    请选择支付方式
    • 微信支付
    • 支付宝支付
    点击支付即表示同意并接受了《服务协议》和《购买须知》
    立即支付 系统将自动为您注册账号
    已付款，但不能查看答案，请点这里登录即可>>>
    联系客服
    找回账号密码
    请使用微信扫码支付(元)

    订单号：

    遇到问题请联系在线客服

    请不要关闭本页面，支付完成后请点击【支付完成】按钮
    遇到问题请联系在线客服
    恭喜您，购买搜题卡成功 系统为您生成的账号密码如下：
    重要提示：请勿将账号共享给其他人使用，违者账号将被封禁。
    发送账号到微信 保存账号查看答案
    怕账号密码记不住？建议关注微信公众号绑定微信，开通微信扫码登录功能
    请用微信扫码测试
    尊敬的用户，您尚未绑定微信号
    扫码关注微信公众号，将会重置密码，开通微信扫码登录功能
    您可能还需要：
    重置密码 查看订单 联系客服
    优题宝