Economists often disagree on ____________ (美国经济是否复苏). - 试题答案网问答

第1题

【T12】A.SWITCHING TO B.FLOURISH C.MARKETPLACE A.WHICH COMPANIES WILL【T7】____

【T12】

A.SWITCHING TO

B.FLOURISH

C.MARKETPLACE A.WHICH COMPANIES WILL【T7】______

B.WHO HAVE THE OPTION OF【T8】______TRUCKS

C.WHO LOSES IN THE【T9】______ RAILROADS JUSTIFY RATE DISCRIMINATION AGAINST CAPTIVE SHIPPERS ON THE GROUNDS THAT IN THE LONG RUN IT REDUCES EVERYONE"S COST.IF RAILROADS CHARGED ALL CUSTOMERS THE SAME AVERAGE RATE, THEY ARGUE, SHIPPERS【T10】______OR OTHER FORMS OF TRANSPORTATION WOULD DO SO,LEAVING REMAINING CUSTOMERS TO SHOULDER THE COST OF KEEPING UP THE LIN

E.IT"S THEORY TO WHICH MANY ECONOMISTS SUBSCRIBE, BUT IN PRACTICE IT OFTEN LEAVES RAILROADS IN THE POSITION OF DETERMINING【T11】______AND WHICH WILL FAIL."DO WE REALLY WANT RAILROADS TO BE THE ARBITERS OF WHO WINS AND【T12】______？" ASKS MARTIN BERCOVICI, A WASHINGTON LAWYER WHO FREQUENTLY REPRESENTS SHIPPER.

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第2题

【T10】A.SWITCHING TO B.FLOURISH C.MARKETPLACE A.WHICH COMPANIES WILL【T7】____

【T10】

A.SWITCHING TO

B.FLOURISH

C.MARKETPLACE A.WHICH COMPANIES WILL【T7】______

B.WHO HAVE THE OPTION OF【T8】______TRUCKS

C.WHO LOSES IN THE【T9】______ RAILROADS JUSTIFY RATE DISCRIMINATION AGAINST CAPTIVE SHIPPERS ON THE GROUNDS THAT IN THE LONG RUN IT REDUCES EVERYONE"S COST.IF RAILROADS CHARGED ALL CUSTOMERS THE SAME AVERAGE RATE, THEY ARGUE, SHIPPERS【T10】______OR OTHER FORMS OF TRANSPORTATION WOULD DO SO,LEAVING REMAINING CUSTOMERS TO SHOULDER THE COST OF KEEPING UP THE LIN

E.IT"S THEORY TO WHICH MANY ECONOMISTS SUBSCRIBE, BUT IN PRACTICE IT OFTEN LEAVES RAILROADS IN THE POSITION OF DETERMINING【T11】______AND WHICH WILL FAIL."DO WE REALLY WANT RAILROADS TO BE THE ARBITERS OF WHO WINS AND【T12】______？" ASKS MARTIN BERCOVICI, A WASHINGTON LAWYER WHO FREQUENTLY REPRESENTS SHIPPER.

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第3题

【T8】A.SWITCHING TO B.FLOURISH C.MARKETPLACE A.WHICH COMPANIES WILL【T7】_____

【T8】

A.SWITCHING TO

B.FLOURISH

C.MARKETPLACE A.WHICH COMPANIES WILL【T7】______

B.WHO HAVE THE OPTION OF【T8】______TRUCKS

C.WHO LOSES IN THE【T9】______ RAILROADS JUSTIFY RATE DISCRIMINATION AGAINST CAPTIVE SHIPPERS ON THE GROUNDS THAT IN THE LONG RUN IT REDUCES EVERYONE"S COST.IF RAILROADS CHARGED ALL CUSTOMERS THE SAME AVERAGE RATE, THEY ARGUE, SHIPPERS【T10】______OR OTHER FORMS OF TRANSPORTATION WOULD DO SO,LEAVING REMAINING CUSTOMERS TO SHOULDER THE COST OF KEEPING UP THE LIN

E.IT"S THEORY TO WHICH MANY ECONOMISTS SUBSCRIBE, BUT IN PRACTICE IT OFTEN LEAVES RAILROADS IN THE POSITION OF DETERMINING【T11】______AND WHICH WILL FAIL."DO WE REALLY WANT RAILROADS TO BE THE ARBITERS OF WHO WINS AND【T12】______？" ASKS MARTIN BERCOVICI, A WASHINGTON LAWYER WHO FREQUENTLY REPRESENTS SHIPPER.

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第4题

【T11】A.SWITCHING TO B.FLOURISH C.MARKETPLACE A.WHICH COMPANIES WILL【T7】____

【T11】

A.SWITCHING TO

B.FLOURISH

C.MARKETPLACE A.WHICH COMPANIES WILL【T7】______

B.WHO HAVE THE OPTION OF【T8】______TRUCKS

C.WHO LOSES IN THE【T9】______ RAILROADS JUSTIFY RATE DISCRIMINATION AGAINST CAPTIVE SHIPPERS ON THE GROUNDS THAT IN THE LONG RUN IT REDUCES EVERYONE"S COST.IF RAILROADS CHARGED ALL CUSTOMERS THE SAME AVERAGE RATE, THEY ARGUE, SHIPPERS【T10】______OR OTHER FORMS OF TRANSPORTATION WOULD DO SO,LEAVING REMAINING CUSTOMERS TO SHOULDER THE COST OF KEEPING UP THE LIN

E.IT"S THEORY TO WHICH MANY ECONOMISTS SUBSCRIBE, BUT IN PRACTICE IT OFTEN LEAVES RAILROADS IN THE POSITION OF DETERMINING【T11】______AND WHICH WILL FAIL."DO WE REALLY WANT RAILROADS TO BE THE ARBITERS OF WHO WINS AND【T12】______？" ASKS MARTIN BERCOVICI, A WASHINGTON LAWYER WHO FREQUENTLY REPRESENTS SHIPPER.

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第5题

【T7】A.SWITCHING TO B.FLOURISH C.MARKETPLACE A.WHICH COMPANIES WILL【T7】_____

【T7】

A.SWITCHING TO

B.FLOURISH

C.MARKETPLACE A.WHICH COMPANIES WILL【T7】______

B.WHO HAVE THE OPTION OF【T8】______TRUCKS

C.WHO LOSES IN THE【T9】______ RAILROADS JUSTIFY RATE DISCRIMINATION AGAINST CAPTIVE SHIPPERS ON THE GROUNDS THAT IN THE LONG RUN IT REDUCES EVERYONE"S COST.IF RAILROADS CHARGED ALL CUSTOMERS THE SAME AVERAGE RATE, THEY ARGUE, SHIPPERS【T10】______OR OTHER FORMS OF TRANSPORTATION WOULD DO SO,LEAVING REMAINING CUSTOMERS TO SHOULDER THE COST OF KEEPING UP THE LIN

E.IT"S THEORY TO WHICH MANY ECONOMISTS SUBSCRIBE, BUT IN PRACTICE IT OFTEN LEAVES RAILROADS IN THE POSITION OF DETERMINING【T11】______AND WHICH WILL FAIL."DO WE REALLY WANT RAILROADS TO BE THE ARBITERS OF WHO WINS AND【T12】______？" ASKS MARTIN BERCOVICI, A WASHINGTON LAWYER WHO FREQUENTLY REPRESENTS SHIPPER.

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第6题

"Clearly there is here a problem of the division of knowledge, which is quite analogous to

, and at least as important as, the problem of the division of labour," Friedrich Hayek told the London Economic Club in 1936. What Mr. Hayek could not have known about knowledge was that 70 years later weblogs, or blogs, would be pooling it into a vast, virtual conversation. That economists are typing as prolifically as anyone speaks both to the value of the medium and to the worth they put on their time.

Like millions of others, economists from circles of academia and public policy spend hours each day writing for nothing. The concept seems at odds with the notion of economists as intellectual instruments trained in the maximisation of utility or profit. Yet the demand is there: some of their blogs get thousands of visitors daily, often from people at influential institutions like the IMF and the Federal Reserve. One of the most active "econobloggers" is Brad DeLong, of the University of California, Berkeley, whose site, delong, typepad, com,, features a morning-coffee videocast and an afiernoon-tea audiocast in which he holds forth on a spread of topics from the Treasury to Trotsky.

So why do it？ "It's a place in the intellectual influence game," Mr. DeLong replies (by e-mail, naturally). For prominent economists, that place can come with a price. Time spent on the Internet could otherwise be spent on traditional publishing or collecting consulting fees. Mr. DeLong caps his blogging at 90 minutes a day. His only blog revenue comes from selling advertising links to help cover the cost of his servers, which handle more than 20,000 visitors daily.

Gary Becket, a Nobel-prize winning economist, and Richard Posner, a federal circuit judge and law professor, began a joint blog in 2004. The pair, colleagues at the University of Chicago, believed that their site, becker-posner-blog, com, would permit "instantaneous pooling (and hence correction, refinement, and amplification) of the ideas and opinions, facts and images, reportage and scholarship, generated by bloggers." The practice began as an educational tool for Greg Mankiw, a professor of economics at Harvard and a former chairman of George Bush's Council of Economic Advisers. His site, gregmankiw, blogspot, com, started as a group e-mail sent to students, with commentary on articles and new ideas. But the market for his musings grew beyond the classroom, and a blog was the solution. "It's a natural extension of my day job—to engage in intellectual discourse about economics," Mr. Mankiw says.

With professors spending so much time blogging for no payment, universities might wonder whether this detracts from their value. Although there is no evidence of a direct link between blogging and publishing productivity, a new study by E. Hah Kim and Adair Morse, of the University of Michigan, and Luigi Zingales, of the University of Chicago, shows that the Internet's ability to spread knowledge beyond university classrooms has diminished the competitive edge that elite schools once held.

Top universities once benefited from having clusters of star professors. The study showed that during the 1970s, an economics professor from a random university, outside the top 25 programmes, would double his research productivity by moving to Harvard. The strong relationship between individual output and that of one's colleagues weakened in the 1980s, and vanished by the end of the 1990s.

The faster flow of information and the waning importance of location—which blogs exemplify—have made it easier for economists from any university to have access to the best brains in their field. That anyone with an internet connection can sit in on a virtual lecture from Mr. DeLong means that his ideas move freely beyond the boundaries of Berkeley, creating a welfare gain for professors and the public.

Universities can also benefit in this part of the equation.

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第7题

Excerpt 1 Mankinds fascination with gold is as old as civilization itself. The ancien

t Egyptians esteemed gold, which had religious significance to them, and King Tutankharnun was buried in a solid-gold coffin 3,300 years ago. The wandering Israelites worshiped a golden calf, and the legendary King Midas asked that everything he touched be turned into gold. Excerpt 2 Most economists hate gold. Not, you understand, that they would turn up their noses at a bar or two. But they find the reverence in which many hold the metal almost irrational. That it was used as money for millennia is irrelevant: it isnt any more. Modern money takes the form. of paper or, more often, electronic data. To economists, gold is now just another commodity. Excerpt 3 People have always longed to possess gold. Unfortunately, this longing has also brought out the worst in the human character. The Spanish conquistadors robbed palaces, temples, and graves, and killed thousands of Indians in their ruthless search for gold. Often the only rule in young California during the days of the gold rush was exercised by the mob with a rope. Even today, the economic running of South Africas gold mines depends largely on the employment of black laborers who are paid about 40 pounds a month, plus room and board, and who must work in conditions that can only be described as cruel. About 400 miners are killed in mine accidents in South Africa each year, or one for every two tons of gold produced. Excerpt 4 Much of golds value lies in its scarcity. Only about 80,000 tons have been mined in the history of the world. All of it could be stored in a vault 60 feet square, or a supertanker. Excerpt 5 So why is its price soaring？ Over the past week, this has topped $ 450 a troy ounce, up by 9% since the beginning of the year and 77% since April 2001. Ah, comes the reply, gold transactions are denominated in dollars, and the rise in the price simply reflects the dollars fall in terms of other currencies, especially the euro, against which it hit a new low this week. Expressed in euros, the gold price has moved much less. However, there is no iron link, as it were, between the value of the dollar and the value of gold. A rising price of gold, like that of anything else, can reflect an increase in demand as well as a depreciation of its Unit of account. Excerpt 6 This is where gold bulls come in. The fall in the dollar is important, but mainly because as a store of value the dollar stinks. With a few longish rallies, the greenback has been on a downward trend since it came off the gold standard in 1971. Now it is suffering one of its sharper declines. At the margin, extra demand has come from those who think dollars—indeed any money backed by nothing more than promises to keep inflation low—a decidedly risky investment, mainly because America, with the worlds reserve currency, has been able to create and borrow so many of them. The least painful way of repaying those dollars is to make them worthless.

The main idea of Excerpt 1 is that______.

A．human beings began to love gold with the emergence of civilization

B．the ancient Egyptians valued gold for its religious importance

C．king Midas was a person who could turn everything into gold

D．king Tutankharnun buried a solid-gold coffin 33 centuries ago

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第8题

听力原文：Many families in the United States have a larger income than ever before, but peo

听力原文： Many families in the United States have a larger income than ever before, but people are finding it difficult to make ends meet anyway. Almost everyone is wondering, "What happens to all my money？ I never seem to have anything left to put away."

Why isn't a dollar worth as much as it used to be？ One dollar is always worth the same amount, that is, 100 cents. But the value of a dollar is how much it can buy. The value of money depends on the cost of living. Economists say that the cost of living is the money that a family must pay for the necessities of life such as food, housing or rent, clothes, and medical expenses. For many years now, the cost of living has increased greatly, so the value of the dollar has decreased. When a dollar has a low value, you can't buy as many things with it.

No one fully understands why the cost of living keeps increasing, but economists believe that workers and producers can make the prices go up. As workers earn more money, they have more money to spend, so they demand more goods. If there is a great demand for certain goods, the prices of these goods go up. At the same time, if there's shortage of goods, the prices also go up. For example, if everyone wants to buy more and more gas, the price of gas goes up. When companies withhold gas from buyers, they can also make the price of gas go up.

Families need to know what happens to their money. They need to make their income meet the cost of living. So many people plan a family budget. A budget is a list of monthly expenses. If your expenses add up to more than your income, you must find ways to save money. Maybe you're spending too much on entertainment. Or if you're spending too much on clothes, you may want to sew your own clothes. Budgeting helps you spend your money wisely as the cost of living increases.

(33)

A．A larger income often results in a lower living standard.

B．No more money is left over in spite of a larger income.

C．To put away some money has become a necessity.

D．They don't know where their money has gone.

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第9题

Immigrants are consumers as well as producers, so they create jobs as well as taking them.

And the work they do need not be at the expense of native workers. Immigrants often hold jobs that natives are unwilling to accept at any feasible wage. Also, immigrants sometimes help to keep industries viable (能存活的) that would otherwise disappear altogether, causing employment to fall. This was the conclusion of a study of the Los Angeles garment industry in the 1970s and 1980s. And when immigrants working for low wages do put downward pressure on natives wages, they may raise the (real) wages of natives in general by keeping prices lower than they otherwise would be. In theory, then, the net effect of immigration on native wages is uncertain. Unfortunately, most of the empirical (经验主义的) research on whether immigrants make natives worse off in practice is also inconclusive except the effect, one way or the other, seems small. Most of this research has been done in America: if there were any marked influence on wages, that is where you would expect to find it, given the scale of immigration and the tendency of the newcomers to concentrate in certain areas. But most studies have compared wages and employment in areas with many immigrants to wages and employment in areas with few. For instance, one examined the impact of sudden and notorious inflow of refugees to Miami from the Cuban port of Mariel in 1980. Within the space of a few months, 125 000 people had arrived, increasing Miamis labor force by 7%. Yet the study concluded that wages and employment among the citys natives, including the unskilled, were virtually unaffected. Another study examined the effect of immigration on wages and employment of those at the bottom of the jobs ladder—unskilled blacks and Hispanics. It found that a doubling of the rate of immigration had no detectable effect on natives. The most recent work, admittedly, has tended to question these findings. Using more detailed statistics and more sophisticated methods than the earlier studies, this work has tended to find that immigrants wages take longer to rise to the level of the natives wages than has been supposed. This implies a more persistent downward pressure on the host economys labor market. Typically these studies find that immigration does depress unskilled natives wages to a small extent. But nearly all economists would agree that the effects of immigration are insignificant in relation to other influences.

According to the passage, immigration will not threaten natives benefits because______.

A．they only take jobs created by immigrants

B．they often hold jobs that natives don"t accept

C．they do not put downward pressure on natives" wages

D．they are unemployed most of the time

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Economists often disagree on ____________ （美国经济是否复苏).