[A] types [B] forms [C] ways [D] branches

et？ (Will other types of advertising be more important than the Internet in the future？)

TWO TYPES OF TRAINING

There are two common forms of employee training-on-the-job training and off-the-job training. On-the-job training is the most widely used and least expensive form. of training. It consists of an employee learning from a supervisor or co-worker how to do the job. On-the-job training could be described as an apprenticeship. It is efficient because it is done at the workplace while the employee is fulfilling work duties. As time goes by, the employee becomes more and more skilled at the job and eventually can train other employees in turn.

Off-the-job training is the most expensive form. of training. It consists of an employee being sent away from the workplace to a training program where training is provided. It is less efficient because it requires the employee to take time away from work duties. In addition, depending on where the training site is located, travel and accommodation expenses may be incurred. And of course, fees must be paid to the person or organization providing the training.

When deciding which form. of training to provide, an employer must consider such things as the availability of staff with necessary skills and time to provide on-the-job training and the types of off-site training available, in addition to the expense. It may well be decided that off-the-job training is worth the cost. While the requirements are different for on-the-job training as compared to off-the-job training, the purpose of both types is the same-to improve employee efficiency and productivity.

Which of the following best describes on-the-job training？

A．Expensive

B．Ineffective

C．Common

D．Quick

The(41)means that the shipowner promises to carry on board a specific ship a particular cargo for a single or several voyages from one or more loading ports to one or more discharging ports. The payment paid by the charterer to the ship owner for cargo transport by sea is called(42)and the contact made by ship owner and charterer is called a voyage charter party. Under a voyage charter party, the actual operation of the vessel is left to the(43)There are the provision for the(44), demurrage and dispatch money etc. , in the voyage charter. There are more standard forms of voyage charter parties than any other form of contract of carriage.(45)is the most popular and widely used general purpose voyage charter party on a global basis for numerous types of cargoes.

从供选择的答案中选出应填入下面一段英文中______内的正确答案。

Video RAM means in general all forms of RAM used to(1). image data for the video display monitor. Somewhat confusingly, the most common(2)of video RAM is called Video RAM (VRAM). All types of video RAM are special(3)of dynamic RAM (DRAM). Video RAM is really a buffer(4)the processor and the display monitor and is often called the frame buffer. When(5)are to be sent to the display, they are first read by the processor as data from some form of main storage RAM and then(6)to video RAM. From video RAM (the frame buffer), the data is converted by a RAM digital-to-analog converter (RAMDAC) into analog(7)that are sent to the display presentation mechanism such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). Usually, video RAM comes in a 1 or 2 megabyte package and is(8)on the video or graphics card in the computer. Most forms of video RAM are dual-ported. While the processor is writing a new image to video RAM, the display is reading from video to(9)its current display content. The dual-port design is the main(10)between main storage RAM and video RAM.

供选择的答案：

1．difference 2．located 3．images 4．store 5．between

6．type 7．written 8．refresh 9．arrangements 10．signals

One in three of us will be diagnosed

with cancer during our lifetime.

The disease tends to affect older people — but can strike at any time.

Excluding certain skin cancers, there were more than 270,000 new cases of the disease in 2001 — and the rate is increasing by about 1% a year.

Some cancers, such as breast, are becoming more common, while new cases of lung cancer fall away due to the drop in the number of smokers.

However, while the overall number of new cancers is not falling, the good news is that successful treatment rates for many of the most common types are improving rapidly.

BBC News Online, in conjunction with Cancer Research UK, has produced a guide to some of the most common forms of cancer and the treatments used to tackle them.

How many people will be diagnosed with cancer during their lifetime？

A．One in three.

B．One in five.

C．One in ten.

D．One in twenty.

Scholarships

What are scholarships

Scholarships are one of the most attractive forms of financial aid because they are available to anyone and you don' t have to pay them back! Scholarships are also a missed opportunity for many students.Most students don't realize there are scholarships available to them that could finance a significant portion of their education. It takes some time and energy to find and apply for scholarships, but the hard work will most likely pay off. To some students and parents, the word "scholarship" is just another one of those confusing college terms: student bans, tuition and fees, grants(助学金), and work study. Little do they realize that knowing more about the scholarship process could save them thousands of dollars when trying to cover the cost of their education.

Scholarships come in a variety of forms, but are generally considered to be "free money" for college. Unlike loans, scholarships do not have to be repaid to the scholarship provider. Some scholarships are awarded directly to the student in the form. of a check, while other scholarships are written out to the student's college or university. Several different types of providers issue scholarships: clubs and organizations, charitable foundations(慈善资金会), businesses, schools, universities, government agencies, and others. How do students find scholarships？

Finding scholarships can be a very time-consuming process. Some students choose to look through pages and pages of award information in scholarship books or in files found at local libraries. But other students use reputable and accurate scholarship search services on the Internet to save time in the searching process. Using online resources is a good idea if the website offers updated, current data and some type of quality matching technology. Students can also ask their high school guidance counselors about any local or state awards that they may qualify for, and should be sure to contact the financial aid office at the college or university they plan to attend to learn if they qualify for any awards provided by the school. Finally, students should ask their parents and friends to be on "scholarship alert" for them, always checking local newspapers and bulletin boards for local scholarship listings(清单).

Who can get a scholarship

The answer is quite simple, really. Every student who plans to attend an institution of higher education should search for and apply for scholarships. This applies to all students, including highschool students, non-traditional Students, current college students, graduate students, etc. It is a common misconception (误解) that scholarships arc only for straight(整齐的) A students. In reality, there are all types of scholarships for all types of students, including those with less than perfect academic records. Some scholarships are for athletes; others are for students planning to study in particular fields; and others for community service. Some scholarship providers just want to reward students for living in a certain city or state! Students also mistakenly believe that only college-bound high school seniors can apply for awards. Scholarships are available for all levels of college study, from freshman undergrads to graduate and PhD students.

Now, some students have ideas about why they won't get scholarships. They think that there are no scholarships out there for students with less than outstanding grade point averages or with poor standardized test scores. They claim that their parents make too much money or that they won' t be attending " non-traditional colleges." They say that they are not minority students and aren't enrolled in a lot of extracurricular(课外活动)activities or involved in their communities. They even argue that they are not planning to attend college immediately after graduation, and so they won't be eligible(符合条件的)for any scholarship funding at all. The li

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

g oils, come from one source-crude oil found below the earth's surface, as well as under large bodies of water, from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep as 25,000 feet into the earth's interior. Sometimes crude oil is secured by drilling a hole through the earth, but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oil. Pressure at the source or pumping forces crude oil to the surface.

Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products are always measured in 42-gallon barrels.

Petroleum products vary greatly on physical appearance: thin, thick, transparent or opaque, but regardless, their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities'. Trace elements are also found, but these are of such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joining of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.

The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors. These products are the so-called light oils, such as gasoline, kerosene, and distillate fuel oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers. Additional complicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons to produce other products, some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasoline.

Facts about Depression

In any given one-year period, 9.5% of the population, or about 18.8 million American adults, suffer from a depressive illness. The economic cost for this disorder is high, but the cost in human suffering cannot be estimated. Depressive illnesses often interfere with normal functioning and cause pain and suffering not only to those who have a disorder, but also to those who care about them. Serious depression can destroy family life as well as the life of the ill person. But much of this suffering is unnecessary.

Most with a depressive illness do not seek treatment, although the great majority — even those whose depression is extremely severe — can be helped. Thanks to years of fruitful research, there are now medications and psychosocial therapies such as cognitive/behavioral "talk" or interpersonal that ease the pain of depression.

What's Depressive Disorder？

A depressive disorder is an illness that involves the body, mood, and thoughts, ft affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood. It is not a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be willed or wished away. Propel with a depressive illness cannot merely "pull themselves together" and get better. Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people who suffer from depression

Types of Depression

Depressive disorders come in different forms, just as is the case with other illnesses such as heart disease. Brief descriptions of the most common types of depressive disorders are given below. However, within these types there are variations in the number of symptoms, their severity, and persistence.

Major depression is manifested by a combination of symptoms (see symptom list) that interfere with the ability to work, study, sleep, eat, and enjoy once pleasurable activities. Such a disabling episode of depression may occur only once but more commonly occurs several times in a lifetime.

A less severe type depression, dysthymia, involves long-term, chronic (慢性的) symptoms that do not disable, but keep one from functioning well or from feeling good. Many people with dysthymia also experience major depressive episodes at some time in their lives.

Another type of depression is bipolar disorder. Not nearly as prevalent as other forms of depressive disorders, bipolar disorder is characterized by cycling mood changes: severe highs (mania) and lows (depression). Sometimes the mood switches are dramatic and rapid, but most often they are gradual.

When in the depressed cycle, an individual can have any or all of the symptoms of a depressive disorder. When in the manic cycle, the individual may be overactive, over-talkative, and have a great deal of energy. Mania often affects thinking, judgment, and social behavior. in ways that cause serious problems and embarrassment. For example, the individual in a manic phase (状态) may feel elated, full to grand schemes that might range from unwise business decisions to romantic sprees(放纵). Mania, left untreated, may worsen to a psychotic state.

Symptoms of Depression and Mania

Not everyone who is depressed or manic experiences every symptom. Some people experience a few symptoms, some many. Severity of symptoms varies with individuals and also varies over time.

Depression

•Feelings of hopelessness, pessimism

•Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, helplessness

•Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities that were once enjoyed, including sex

•Decreased energy, fatigue, being "slowed down"

•Difficulty concentrating, remembering, making decisions

&n

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

s of sports -- athletics, mountaineering, skiing and so on？

M: I suppose athletics must be one of the oldest forms of sport in existence. The Greeks went in for these sports with great enthusiasm and their Olympic Games included most of the sports we go in for today.

W: But games like football and cricket became popular only in the last century.

M: Yes, that's true. Mountaineering and skiing are comparatively recent sports too, aren't they？

W: And so are motor-racing and cycling. What about country sports？ Do you like them？

M: Do you mean sports like hunting, shooting and fishing？

W: Yes.

M: I don't approve of killing animals for sport. And 1 don't like boxing and bull-fighting, either. They are not real sports.

W: But you can see skills in them.

M: No doubt, but I still don't like them.

W: What about aquatic sports.9 Do you like sailing？

M: Yes, it's a wonderful sport! I also like swimming and I'm very fond of rowing. For me the great sporting event of the year is the Dragon Boat Race. I watch that every year.

W: Me too.

(20)

A．It's cruel.

B．It's interesting.

C．She objects to killing animals for sport.

D．They are full of skills.

o spend too much time listening to music may be at higher risk of depression. The study found that teens who reported listening to music more often—【C1】______using other types of media like TV and books—were more likely to have major depressive disorder,【C2】______with teens who listened to music less frequently. With each level increase in music use, teens had an 80% higher risk of depression, the study found. The study didnt measure【C3】______listening times, but based on previous data, the study authors【C4】______that teens in the highest-use group were likely listening to music【C5】______at least four or five hours a day. At this【C6】______it is not clear whether depressed people begin to listen to more music to【C7】______or whether listening to large【C8】______of music can lead to depression, or both.【C9】______researchers found that reading books had the opposite【C10】______: with time spent in reading increasing, teens risk of depression【C11】______50%. This is worth emphasizing because overall in the U.S., reading books is decreasing,【C12】______nearly all other forms of media use are increasing. For the study, the researchers【C13】______106 participants aged 7 to 17 for two months; 46 participants had been previously【C14】______with depression. Throughout the course of the study, researchers made【C15】______weekend phone calls to the teens in order to determine, in real time, what forms of media they were using,【C16】______television, music, video games, Internet, magazines and books. On average, teens were most likely to be watching a movie or TV when researchers called (26% of the time). Teens reported listening to music 9% of the time, followed by Internet use and video gaming (6% each) and,【C17】______, reading printed media (0.2%). Of all the media reported, only music showed【C18】______associations with increased depression risk,【C19】______researchers had control of【C20】______like age, sex and race.

【C1】

A．less than

B．more than

C．other than

D．rather than