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A．are well protected
B．have land-based evidence
C．are in isolation
D．have a longer history
答案
更多“Deep-ocean sediments provided better information about the world's past climate because th”相关的问题
第1题
A．are well protected
B．have land-based evidence
C．are in isolation
D．have a longer history
第2题
The ocean bottom (a region nearly 2.5 times greater than the total land area of the Earth) is a vast frontier that even today is largely unexplored and uncharted. Until about a century ago, the deep-ocean floor was completely inaccessible, hidden beneath waters averaging over 36,000 meters deep. Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth's surface, the deep-ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans, in some ways as forbid- ding and remote as the void of outer space.
Although researchers have taken samples of deep-ocean rocks and sediments for over a century, the first detailed global investigation of the ocean bottom did not actually start until 1968, with the beginning of the National Science Foundation's Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP's drill ship, the Glomar Challenger, was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean's surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samples of sediments and rocks from the ocean floor.
The Glomar Challenger completed 96 voyages in a 15-year research program that ended in November 1983, During this time, the vessel logged 600,000 kilometers and took almost 20,000 core samples of seabed sediments and rocks at 624 drilling sites around the world. The Glomar Challenger's core samples have allowed geologists to reconstruct what the planet looked like hundreds of millions of years ago and to calculate what it will probably look like millions of years in the future. Today, largely on the strength of evidence gathered during the Glomar Challenger's voyages, nearly all earth scientists agree on the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift that explain many of the geological processes that shape the Earth.
The cores of sediment drilled by the Glomar Challenger have also yielded information critical to understand the world's past climates. Deep-ocean sediments provide a climatic record tracing back hundreds of millions of years, because they are largely isolated from the mechanical erosion and the intense chemical and biological activies that rapidly destroy much land-based evidence of past climates. This record has already provided insights into the patterns and causes of past climatic change information that may be used to predict future climates.
The author compare the ocean bottom to a "frontier" in paragraph 1 because it______.
A．is a quite promising place.
B．is out of the understanding of many scientists.
C．attracts courageous explorers.
D．is an unknown research area to the scientists.
第3题
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第4题
A．To explain the effects of turbidity currents.
B．To explain how winds cause turbidity currents.
C．To remind the student about the next assignment.
D．To remind the student where ocean sediments originate.
第5题
What are the guests asked to do？
A．Close all the faucets tightly before they leave.
B．Clean the sediments in the tubs and sinks.
C．Allow the maintenance staff to access their rooms.
D．Avoid using the tub and sink until after 2:00 p.m.
第6题
根据以下材料，回答题
"Liquefaction" Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage
The massive subduction zone （俯冲带） earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil"liquefaction" （液化设施） that has surprised researchers with its __________ （51） severity， a new analysis shows.
"We"ve seen localized examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before， but the distance and __________ （52） of damage in Japan were unusually severe，" said Scott Ashford， a professor of geotechnical engineering at Oregon State University. "Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments （沉淀物） ，" Ashford said. "The shifts in soil destroyed water， drain and gas pipelines， crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to __________ （53）. We saw some places that sank as much as four feet."
Some degree of soil liquefaction is common in almost any major earthquake. It"s a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water， particularly recent sediments or sand， can lose much of their __________ （54） and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or __________ （55）.
But most earthquakes are much __________ （56） than the recent event in Japan， Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake， as much as five minutes， may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this.
"With such a long-lasting earthquake， we saw __________ （57） structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes，" he said. "And it was clear that younger sediments， and especially areas built on __________ （58） filled ground， are much more vulnerable."
The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake， researchers said， should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil __________ （59） and better prepare for it in the future. Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly， __________ （60） damage was removed in the recovery efforts.
"There"s no doubt that we"ll learn things from what happened in Japanl0 thatl 1 will help us to reduce risks in other similar __________ （61），" Ashford said. "Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction， such as better compaction to make soils dense， or use of reinforcing stone columns."
Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction—on the coast， near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The "young" sediments， in geologic terms， may be those __________ （62） within the past 10，000 years or more. In Oregon， for instance， that describes much of downtown Portland， the Portland International Airport and other cities.
Anything __________ （63） a river and old flood plains is a suspect， and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1，100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to __________ （64） collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake， but Japanese construction __________ （65） helped prevent many buildings from collapse- even as they tilted and sank into the ground.
回答（51）题 查看材料
A.internal
B.different
C.difficult
D.widespread
第7题
A．Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world. By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England"s earth into relative temporal sequence.
About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris.Soon it was realized that this principal of faunal(animal)succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere.It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or—300 million years later—in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite—the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian—will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.
B．Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent.By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England"s earth into relative temporal sequence. The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world. About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris.Soon it was realized that this principal of faunal(animal)succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere.It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or—300 million years later—in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite—the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian—will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.
C．Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent.By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England"s earth into relative temporal sequence.About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world. Soon it was realized that this principal of faunal(animal)succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere.It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or—300 million years later—in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite—the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian—will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.
D．Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent.By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England"s earth into relative temporal sequence.About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris.Soon it was realized that this principal of faunal(animal)succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world. It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or—300 million years later—in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite—the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian—will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.
第8题
An environment favorable to the growth and later preservation of organisms is required for the occurrence of fossils. Two conditions are almost always present: The possession of hard parts, either internal or external, such as bones, teeth, scales, shells, and wood; these parts remain after the rest of the organism has decayed. Organisms that lack hard parts, such as worms and jelly fish have left a meager geologic record. Quick burial of the dead organism, so that protection is afforded against weathering, bacterial action, and scavengers.
Nature provides many situations in which the remains of animals and plants are protected against destruction. Of these, marine sediment is by far the most important environment for the preservation of fossils, owing to the incredible richness of marine life. The beds of former lakes are also prolific sources of fossils. The rapidly accumulating sediments in the channels, floodplains, and deltas of streams bury fresh-water organisms, along with land plants and animals that fall into the water. The beautifully preserved fossil fish from the Green River soil shale of Wyoming in the western Unit- ed States lived in a vast shallow lake.
The frigid ground in the far north acts as a remarkable preservative for animal fossils. The woolly mammoth, a long-haired rhinoceros and other mammals have been periodically exposed in the tundra of Siberia, the hair and red flesh still frozen in cold storage.
Volcanoes often provide environments favorable to fossil preservation. Extensive falls of volcanic ash and coarser particles overwhelm and bury all forms of life, from flying insects to great trees. Caves have preserved the bones of many animals that died in them and were subsequently buried under a blanket of clay or a cover of dripstone. Predatory animals and early humans alike sought shelter in caves and brought food with them to the eater, leaving bones that paleontologists have discovered.
The passage primarily concerns which of the following？
A．Types of fossils found in different climates.
B．Some physical character of fossils.
C．Conditions favorable to the preservation of fossils.
D．How fossils are preserved.
第9题
One interpretation regarding the absence of fossils during this important 100-million-year period is that early animals were soft bodied and simply did not fossilize.
Fossilization of soft-bodied animals is less likely than fossilization of hard-bodied animals, but it does occur.
Conditions that promote fossilization of soft-bodied animals include very rapid covering by sediments that create an environment that discourages decomposition.
In fact, fossil beds containing soft-bodied animals have been known for many years.
Look at the four squares[
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第10题
"Lost City" Explored Using High-Speed Networks
Undersea exploration is now as close as the nearest computer. "Telepresence" (远程呈现) technology lets scientists -- and the public -- join expeditions without leaving dry land.
A just completed expedition to the Lost City, an unusual undersea vent formation in the Atlantic Ocean, showcased the technology. The project used a network of satellites and high-speed Internet access to connect participants across many miles of land and sea.
During the expedition undersea explorer Robert Ballard and the crew aboard the National Ocean ic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) research ship Ronald H. Brown were anchored above the Lost City site. Meanwhile co-chief scientist Debbie Kelley and her colleagues were some 4,500 miles (7,250 kilometers) away on the University of Washington campus in Seattle.
At launch on July 17 Ballard described the project as a "precedent-setting ocean expedition that raises the bar on use of communications technology."
"Normally on a deep-ocean expedition, I talk with the mission's chief scientist across a table on the research vessel," he said. "In this case we talk across the planet."
Ballard's Institute for Exploration (IFE) in Mystic, Connecticut, supplied its veteran robotic vehicles, Hercules and Argus, to do the diving. The robots sent high-resolution images taken some 2,100 feet (700 meters) below the surface to the Ronald H. Brown.
The images were transferred via satellite from the ship to receivers at the University of Rhode Island in Kingston. They were then sent across country to the team at the University of Washington.
All told, data from the Lost City travelled nearly 5,000 miles (8,050 kilometers) in less than two seconds. Technology Boosts "Crew" Size, Expertise
Real-time deep-sea images have been beamed around the globe before. Ballard, who discovered the undersea wreck of the Titanic in 1985 ,returned to the site in 2004 and sent images to scientists at the University of Rhode Island.
But this time the lead scicentists directing the expedition's research operations joined the dive virtually.
"We had a team of engineers and pilots who controlled the remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and were taking instructions at all times from the University of Washington (science team)," Dwight Coleman said. Coleman is a professor of marine science at the University of Rhode Island and a colleague of Ballard's at IFE.
Only so many people can live aboard a research ship. And although a large vessel may accommodate a science party of 30, half must be engineers who maintain and operate the ROVs.
The number of researchers is thus limited by ship space, as well as by scheduling, budgets, and other real-world concerns. Telepresence provides an intriguing(令人好奇的) solution.
"When you're doing exploration, you're never sure what expertise you'll need, because you're never sure what you'll find," Coleman said. "This technology provides the capability to network in experts on a specific subject from around the world. You can invite everybody aboard the ship."
The technology seems to have a bright future. NOAA is converting a former U. S. Navy vessel, the U. S. N. S. Capable, into a research vessel dubbed the Okeanos Explorer (okeanos is the ancient Greek term for "ocean" ). The ship will be specially outfitted for future telepresence missions.
Of course, telepresence technology isn't exactly like being at sea.
In her online expedition log, co-chief scientist Deborah Kelley described the nearly surreal scene as Hercules first touched bottom. Kelley and her science team watched the action via cameras carried by. Argus, hovering some 100 feet (30 meters) above the seafloor.
"This was a view like no other I ha
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
