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A．Smoking
B．Obesity in young adults
C．Drinking
D．Obesity in elderly adults
答案
更多“The researchers said "... which shows another potentially preventable public health disast”相关的问题
第1题
Aspirin and Heart Attack
Researchers have announced the results of two studies on the health effects of the drug aspirin (阿司匹林). One study shows aspirin can sharply reduce the chance that a healthy, older man will suffer a heart attack.
The study offered two new results from earlier findings. It said taking one aspirin pill every other day helped only healthy men over the age of fifty. It also said aspirin gave the greatest protection against heart attacks to men with low blood cholesterol(胆固醇)levels.
Earlier studies showed that aspirin reduced the chance of heart attacks in men with heart dis- ease. But there was no proof that aspirin would do the same for healthy men.
Researchers in the United States began a major aspirin study in the early 1980s. It includes 22000 healthy male doctors. All were between the ages of forty and eighty-four. More than 11000 of the doctors took one aspirin pill every other day. Each pill contained 325 milligrams of aspirin. The other 11000 doctors took a harmless pill that contained no drug. The men did not know which kind of pill they were taking.
The doctors who took aspirin suffered 44 percent fewer heart attacks than those taking the harmless pill. 139 men who took aspirin suffered attacks. Ten of them died. 239men who did not take aspirin suffered heart attacks. Twenty-six of them died. The researchers said the doctors’ study provided clear proof that taking aspirin can prevent a first heart attack in healthy, older men. They said, however, the results do not mean every man over the age of fifty should take aspirin. They said aspirin cannot help men who do not eat healthy foods, who smoke cigarettes and who are fat. The researchers said men who think they would be helped by taking aspirin should talk with their doctors first.
From this passage, we learn that aspirin is usually used to treat _______.
A．heart attacks
B．older men
C．older women
D．other disease
第2题
听力原文： Doctors in Chicago said on Monday they reached their conclusions on the fat question after examining 815 people aged 65 and older who did not have Alzheimer's at the start of a nearly four-year study. Those in the study were asked to recall their dietary habits during a more than two-year period before the study began. At the end of the study the researchers found that 131 people had developed Alzheimer's, the debilitating disease that leads to memory loss and eventual physical incapacity. People who consumed the most saturated fat — the kind of fat that comes from meat, poultry, dairy products and palm or coconut oils — had 2.3 times the risk of developing Alzheimer's compared with those who consumed the lowest amount of saturated fats, the researchers said.
How many old people have been examined for the research？
A．815.
B．855.
C．831.
D．865.
第3题
【M1】
第4题
Learning disabilities are very common. They 【21】______ perhaps 10 percent of all children. Scientists now know there are many different kinds of learning disabilities and that they are 【22】______ by many different things. There is no longer any 【23】______ that all learning disabilities 【24】______ differences in the way the brain is organized.
Since there is no 【25】______ sign of the disorder, some researchers began looking at the brain itself to learn what might be wrong.
In one study, researchers 【26】______ the brain of a learning-disabled person. They found two unusual things. One 【27】______ cells in the left side of the brain, which control language. These cells 【28】______ are white, in the learning disabled person, 【29】______ , these cells were gray. The researchers also found that many of the nerve cells were not in a line the 【30】______ they should have been. The nerve cells were mixed together.
The study was carded out 【31】______ the guidance of Norman Geschwind, an expert on learning disabilities. Doctor Geschwind 【32】______ that learning disabilities resulted mainly from problems in the left side of the brain, and this part of brain failed to develop normally. Probably, he said, nerve cells there did not connect 【33】______ they should. So the brain was like an electrical device in which the wires were 【34】______ .
Other researchers did not examine brain 【35】______ Instead, they measured the brain's electrical activity and made a map of the electrical 【36】______ . Frank Duffy experimented with this 【37】______ and found large differences in the brain activity of normal children and those with reading problems. The differences appeared 【38】______ the brain. Doctor Duffy said his research is 【39】______ that reading disabilities involve 【40】______ to a wide area of the brain, not just the left side.
【21】
A．influence
B．effect
C．affect
D．shape
第5题
A New Finding
British cancer researchers have found that childhood leukaemia is caused by an infection and clusters of cases around industrial sites are the result of population mixing that increases exposure. The research published in the British Journal of Cancer backs up a 1988 theory that some as yet unidentified infection caused leukaemia—not the environmental factors widely blamed for the disease.
“Childhood leukaemia appears to be an unusual result of a common infection,” said Sir Richard Doll, an internationally—known cancer expert who first linked tobacco with lung cancer in 1950. “A virus is the most likely explanation. You would get an increased risk of it if you suddenly put a lot of people from large towns in a rural area, where you might have people who had not been exposed to the infection.” Doll was commenting on the new findings by researchers at Newcastle University, which focused on a cluster of leukaemia cases around the Sellafield nuclear reprocessing plant in Cumbria in northern England. Scientists have been trying to establish why there was more leukaemia in children around the Sellafield area, but have failed to establish a link with radiation or pollution. The Newcastle University research by Heather Dickinson and Louise Parker showed the cluster of cases could have been predicted because of the amount of population mixing going on in the area, as large numbers of construction workers and nuclear staff moved into a rural setting. “Our study shows that population mixing can account for the (Sellafield) leukaemia cluster and that all children, whether their parents are incomers or locals, are at a higher risk if they are born in an area of high population mixing,” Dickinson said in a statement issued by the Cancer Research Campaign, which publishes the British Journal of Cancer.
Their paper adds crucial weight to the 1988 theory put forward by Leo Kinlen, a cancer epidemiologist at Oxford University, who said that exposure to a common unidentified infection through population mixing resulted in the disease.
Who first hinted at the possible cause of childhood leukaemia by infection？______
A．Leo Kinlen.
B．Richard Doll.
C．Louise Parker.
D．Heather Dickinson.
第6题
In a test-tube experiment believed to be the first of its kind, researchers based at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia were able to block the operation of the" tat "gene that allows HIV to spread throughout the body from infected cells.
Up to now, genetic AIDS research has concentrated on finding ways to help healthy cells withstand the ravages of the HIV virus that infects an estimated 16, 000 new victims a day, mainly in the developing world.
But by working with human cells already infected with HIV, the team was able to reduce the tat gene's virus-replicating functions by 80 percent to 90 percent, according to findings published in the journal Gene Therapy.
That, researchers said, raises the possibility of a new gene therapy approach capable of supplementing the current drug-based treatment known as highly active anti-retroviral therapy, or HAART, which is used to stop HIV infection from becoming full-blown AIDS.
In recent studies, HAART has proved to be a costly drug regimen that poses serious side effects for HIV patients while delivering questionable results.
"This is proof of the concept that HIV replication could be inhibited by a genetic approach, though we're not at 100 percent yet, "said Dr. Stuart Starr, a study coauthor and chief of immunologic infectious diseases at Children's Hospital.
"Everyone thinks of an antiviral approach, or an immunologic approach to HIV. This adds another option into the equation that could become more important as other options prove not to be totally successful."
Key to the study was an artificially produced" antitat" gene provided by the Washington-based Research Institute for Genetic and Human Therapy.
Children's Hospital researchers used a mouse retrovirus to deliver the antitat gene into HIV-infected U-1 and ACH-2 cells, which were developed in the lab from the tissues of living HIV patients.
They found that when the antitat protein combined with the tat gene, it successfully inhibited the gene's operation without disturbing healthy cells or causing toxic side-effects.
The study, funded by a private foundation, also found that the introduction of the antitat gene prolonged the survival of immune-system cells called CD4 + T lymphocytes.
Start said researchers have entered preliminary discussions with a New England-based primate center ,where animal experiments could be carried out on infected macaque monkeys.
If animal experiments proved successful, the Children's Hospital team would hope to have a gene therapy treatment ready for human clinical trials in three to four years.
What is the passage mainly about？
A．AIDS study raises hopes for gene therapy treatment.
B．A new killer of HIV virus.
C．Research on gene therapy.
D．Gene therapy proves to be the ultimate solution to HIV infection.
第7题
A study by scientists at the University of Chicago Medical Center in Illinois showed that of the survival estimates for 486 terminally ill patients given by 343 doctors, (46) .
(47) , and in some cases doctors predicted patients had five time longer to live than proved to be the case.
"Doctors are inaccurate in their prognoses(预后)for terminally ill patients and the error is systematically optimistic," professor Nicholas Christakis and Dr Elizabeth Lamont said in a report in The British Medical Journal.
The researchers added that doctors who knew their patients best were more likely to get it wrong.
" (48) ...the type of systematic bias toward optimism that we have found in doctors' objective prognostic assessments may be adversely(不利地)affecting patient care," the researchers added.
Instead of receiving three months of hospice care, which is considered to be the ideal, (49) .
Patients who thought they had longer to live also opted for more aggressive treatment instead of palliative(治标的)care, the report said.
The researcher suggested doctors should get second opinions from colleagues, (50) , before giving a prognosis.
"Reliable prognostic information is a key determinant in both doctors' and patients' decision making," they said.
A. many patients received only one month's care because of the optimistic prognosis.
B. Although some error is unavoidable
C. a lot of patients are eager to leave the hospital.
D. only 20 percent were accurate
E. particularly if they know a patient well.
F. Sixty three percent of the predictions overestimated the time patients had left.
(46)
第8题
听力原文： The death rate from influenza rose markedly in the 1990's, federal scientists reported. The explanation, they said, is that a greater proportion of the population is elderly and thus particularly susceptible to flu. There was an average of 36,000 flu deaths a year in the 1990's as compared to 20,000 a year in previous decades, the investigators, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Ninety percent of influenza deaths were in people 65 and older, said Dr. Keiji Fukuda, the principal researcher for the study. But Dr. Fukuda and his colleagues reported that the virus was especially deadly in people over 85, who might be up to 32 times more likely than those 65 to 69 to die from a flu infection.
The researchers also concluded that there were large numbers of deaths among the elderly from another virus, respiratory syncytial virus, known as R. S. V. As many as 78 percent of the 11,000 people who died from R. S. V. each year were 65 and older, the researchers concluded.
In an editorial accompanying the paper, Dr. David M. Morens of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said that many people who were particularly vulnerable to influenza did not get flu vaccines, the only method of preventing the disease. Many mistakenly believe that the vaccine, which is made from a killed virus, can give them the flu. Over the last few years, Dr. Fukuda said, just 65 percent to 67 percent of people 65 and older were immunized. Even when they do get the vaccine, he added, it is less effective in the elderly than it is in younger people. And there is no vaccine to protect against R. S. V. Dr. Morens was not optimistic about the immediate future. The best hope, he said, is for improved flu vaccines and a vaccine for R. S.V. But for now, he said, doctors must do a better job of persuading older people to be vaccinated.
(30)
A．20,000
B．26,000
C．30,000
D．36,000
第9题
The imaging techniques — positron emission tomography scanning and magnetic resonance imaging, known as PET and functional M. R. I. scans — are used prominently in studies of brain activity. The most active brain areas appear to light up on the scans as specific tasks are performed. The two techniques do not measure nerve-cell activity directly; they measure the extra flow of blood that surges to the most active brain areas.
Researchers at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, have monitored these changes in blood flow in anesthetized cats by removing parts of the skull and observing how the nerve cells in activated regions fuel their activities by rapidly removing oxygen from nearby red blood cells.
This rapid uptake of oxygen, made evident by visible changes in the color of the red cells, proves that early oxygen transfer gives these neurons the energy to do their work, the researchers said.
They also found that subtle changes in blood flow began significantly earlier than was detected by PET and functional M. R. I. scans, which lack sufficient resolution and do not form. their images quickly enough to follow such rapid changes. Dr. Amiram Grinvald published the findings in the Journal Science.
"The initial event is very localized and will be missed if you don't look for it soon enough and use the highest possible resolution," Dr. Grinvald said. "Now people are beginning to use our results with other imaging methods."
Working on the exposed brain lets researchers follow electrical activity and the accompanying blood flow in greater detail than is possible by using indirect imaging methods that track neural activity through the skull. However, opportunities for open-skull studies of humans are limited to some kinds of neurosurgery, and researchers must mostly rely on PET and functional M. R. I. images for studies linking behavior. with specific brain activity.
By directly observing exposed cat brains and in similar work with a few human cases, Dr. Grinvald and his associates have been able to observe the first evidence of electrical activity and other changes in brain cells after a light has been seen or a limb moved.
The newest research showed that it took three seconds or more after an event for the flow of blood to increase to an area of the brain dealing with a stimulus. That is the blood-flow increase usually pictured in brain-function studies with PET or functional M. R. I techniques, the Israeli researchers said. However, the initial reaction observed in the Weizmann research by directly imaging the exposed brain — the direct transfer of oxygen from blood cells to neurons — occurred in the first-tenth of a second and was lost to conventional imaging, they said.
The later increase in blood flow to the area, Dr. Grinvald said, was obviously an attempt by the body to supply more oxygen for brain activity. But the increase in blood was so abundant that it covered an area much larger than the region directly involved in the activity being studied, masking some of the subtle changes, he said.
The body's reaction, the researchers said in the paper, was like "watering the entire garden for the sake of one thirsty flower."
Dr. Kamil Ugurbil, said that the Israeli research provided clues that allowed the use of functional M. R. I. scans to picture earlier events in the activity of brain cells.
"Dr. Grinvald's observations are very important, and they have significant implications for functional imaging with high resolution," Dr. Ugurbil said in an interview. "We have actual
A．those changes are subtle and masked by some reactions
B．subtle changes in blood flow began earlier
C．the imaging techniques are out of place
D．the flow of blood to increase to an area of the brain is slow
第10题
The researchers also concluded that there were large numbers of deaths among the elderly from another virus, respiratory syncytial virus, known as R. S. V. As many as 78 percent of the 11,000 people who died from R. S. V. each year were 65 and older, the researchers concluded.
In an editorial accompanying the paper, Dr. David M. Morens of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said that many people who were particularly vulnerable to influenza did not get flu vaccines, the only method of preventing the disease. Many mistakenly believe that the vaccine, which is made from a killed virus, can give them the flu. Over the last few years, Dr. Fukuda said, just 65 percent to 67 percent of people 65 and older were immunized. Even when they do get the vaccine, he added, it is less effective in the elderly than it is in younger people. And there is no vaccine to protect against R. S. V. Dr; Morens was not optimistic about the immediate future. The best hope, he said, is for improved flu vaccines and a vaccine for R. S.V. But for now, he said, doctors must do a better job of persuading older people to be vaccinated.
How many flu deaths a year in the 1990's？
A．20,000
B．26,000
C．30,000
D．36,000
