Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in TeensWhile some teenagers may puff on cigarett - 试题答案网问答

第1题

根据下面材料，回答题。 Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in TeensWhile some teenage

根据下面材料，回答题。

Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens

While some teenagers may puff on cigarettes to "self-medicate" against the blues, scientists at the University of Toronto and the University of Montreal have found that smoking may actually ____1____ depressive symptoms in some teens.

"This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived____2____benefits of smoking among teens," says lead researcher Michael Chaiton, a research associate at the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto. "____3____ cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating____4____or to improve mood, in the long term we found that teens who started to smoke reported higher depressive symptoms."

As part of the study, some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires ____5____ their use of cigarettes to affect mood. Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and English participants, urban and rural schools, and schools____6____in high, moderate and low socio-economic neighbourhoods.

Participants were divided into three____7____: never smokers; smokers who did not use cigarettes to self-medicate, improve mood or physical____8____; smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate.

Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how felt too fired to do things: had ____9____ going to sleep or staying____10____; felt unhappy, sad, or depressed; felt hopeless about the future; felt vexed, antsy or tense; and worried too much about things.

"Smokers who used cigarettes as mood ____11____ had higher risks of elevated depressive symptoms than teens who had never smoked," says co-researcher Jennifer O&39;Loughlin, a professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine. "Our study found that teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are at higher risk of ____12____.depressive symptoms."

The ____13____ between depression and smoking exists ____14____among teens that use cigarettes to feel better. "It&39;s ____15____to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke," says Dr.Chaiton.

___________ 查看材料

A.examine

B.increase

C.decrease

D.diagnose

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第2题

根据以下材料，回答题Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in TeensWhile some teenagers m

根据以下材料，回答题

Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens

While some teenagers may use cigarettes to "self-medicate" （自我治疗） against the blues （忧郁）， scientists at the University of Toronto and the University of Montreal have found that smoking may actually __________ （51） depressive symptoms in some teens.

"This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived __________ （52） benefits of smoking among teens， " says lead researcher Michael Chaiton， a research associate at the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto." __________ （53） cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating effects or to improve mood， in the long __________ （54） we found that teens who started to smoke reported higher depressive symptoms."

As part of the study， some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires about their use of cigarettes to __________ （55） mood. Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and English participants， urban and rural schools， and schools __________ （56） in high，moderate and low socioeconomic neighbourhoods.

Participants were divided into three __________ （57）: never smokers; smokers who did not use cigarettes to self-medicate， improve mood or physical __________ （58）; smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate. Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how often participants felt too tired to do things; had __________ （59） going to sleep or staying asleep; felt unhappy， sad， or depressed; felt hopeless about the future; felt anxious or tense; and worried too much about things.

"Smokers who used cigarettes as mood __________ （60） had higher risks of elevated （提升）depressive symptoms __________ （61） teens who had never smoked， " says co-researcher Jennifer O"Loughlin， a professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine.

"Our study found that teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are __________ （62）higher risk of developing depressive symptoms."

The __________ （63） between depression and smoking existsv __________ （64） among teens that use cigarettes to feel better. "It"s __________ （65） to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke， "says Dr. Chaiton.

回答（51）题查看材料

A.diagnose

B.increase

C.examine

D.treat

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第3题

听力原文：A new international study shows that six people die every minute from smoking. Th

听力原文： A new international study shows that six people die every minute from smoking. This study shocked most people because it means 3 million deaths around the world every year. If the present rate of smoking continues, the number of deaths each year from smoking could rise to 10 million by the year 2050. This news has worried the most people in the developed countries, especially those smokers.

The study also shows that smoking is the main cause of the death in industrial countries, and most of the smoking deaths have happened to men, especially in developing countries. That means more people smoke in the poor areas than in the rich areas and more people died in the poor countries than in the wealthy countries.

In addition, the study indicates that smoking may also cause lung cancer to those adults. It may lead to cancer of the mouth and other parts of body. Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to suffer from heart disease. Therefore, experts advise the people to stop smoking completely so that they can reduce their chance of dying early.

(30)

A．3 million smokers increase every year.

B．3 million people get lung cancer every year.

C．3 million cigarettes ate produced every year.

D．3 million people die from smoking every year.

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第4题

回答题With so many of the deaths each year from around the world directly related to poor

health choices we make．world health leaders have set a goal of lowering the number of preventable deaths by 25％from 2010 rates by 2025．That would save 37 million lives over 15 years．Reporting in thejournal Lancet，public health experts note that the ways to prevent those deaths area’t surprising．But acting on those strategies will take individual and political will．Here’s how the experts hope to do it． Not smoke．The UN General Assembly set a target of cutting smoking around the world by 30%by 2025．Already，higher-income nations that already adopted smoking bans in public places and instituted tobacco taxes have seen drops in smoking rates，however，residents in lower-income nations continue to light up at high rates． Limit excessive drinking．While moderate amounts of alcohol have been linked to some health benefits， overindulging can increase the risk of certain cancers and liver disease，as well as contribute to high blood pressure．Educating people about the risks of excessive drinking，as well as instituting taxes on alcoholic products，has been somewhat successful in curbing（遏制）abuse． Cut back on salt．High sodium （钠）diets can increase blood pressure and contribute to heart disease and stroke，and in many developed countries，people eat several times the amount the salt their bodies need．In the U．S．，the average American consumes about 800mg more salt every day than health experts consider acceptable．Promoting alternatives，such as the citric acid in lemons，to satisfy the need for salt， Call help to bring sodiunl consumption down． Get blood pressure under control．Lack of exercise and high sodium diets contribute to hypertension（高血压），and uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to stroke and heart disease．Monitoring blood pressure with regular screenings，and treating elevated levels with changes in diet and exercise，or medications if necessary，are the most effective ways to address this risk factor． Address diabetes．Closely tied to the obesity epidemic（肥胖病）that now affects developing as well as developed nations，diabetes can increase the risk of heart disease，kidney disease and other conditions that can shorten life．Studies show that lifestyle. changes incorporating healthy diets low in sugar and phy’sical activity call be as effective as medications in keeping blood sugar levels in check．

What does the author mean by sayin9“acting on those strategies will take individual and political will”（Line 4-5，para．1）？

A.Both politicians and individuals wish to put the strategies into practice．

B.Conducting those strategies needs to consider both personal and official will．

C.Carrying out those strategies needs both individual and govemmental support．

D.Either individual or government can carry out those strategies．

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第5题

Only three strategies are available for controlling cancer, prevention, screening and trea

tment. Lung cancer causes more deaths than any other type of cancer. A major cause of the disease is (51) known; there is no good evidence that screening is of much help; and treatment fails in about 90 per cent of all cases. At present, therefore, the main strategy must be (52) . This may not always be true, of course, as for some other types Of cancer, research (53) the past few decades has produced (or suggested) some important progress in prevention, screening or treatment. (54) , however, we consider not what research may one day offer but what today's knowledge could already deliver that is not being delivered, then the most practicable and cost-effective opportunities for avoiding premature death from cancer, especially lung cancer, probably involve neither screening nor improved (55) , but prevention.

This conclusion does not depend on the unrealistic assumption that we can (56) tobacco. It merely assumes that we can reduce cigarette sales appreciably by raising prices or by (57) the type of education that already appears to have had a (58) effect on cigarette consumption by white-collar workers, and that we can substantially reduce the amount of tar delivered per cigarette. The practicability of preventing cancer by such measures applies not only in those countries, (59) the US, where, because cigarette smoking has been common for decades, 25～30 per cent of all cancer deaths now involve lung cancer, but also in those where it has become (60) only recently. In China, for example, lung cancer (61) accounts for only about 510 per cent of all cancer deaths. This is because it may take as much as half a century (62) the rise in smoking to increase the incidence of lung cancer. Countries where cigarette smoking is only now becoming widespread can expect enormous increases in lung cancer during the 1990s or early in the next century, (63) prompt effective action is taken against the habit--indeed., such increases are already plainly evident in parts of (64) .

There are four reasons why the prevention of lung cancer is of such overwhelming importance: first, the disease is extremely common, causing more deaths than any other type of cancer now does; secondly, it is generally incurable; thirdly, effective, practicable measures to reduce its incidence are already reliably known; and, finally, (65) tobacco consumption will also have a substantial impact on many other diseases.

51. A. hardly

B. never

C. less

D. reliably

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第6题

【A2】A.MORE THAN WILLPOWER. B.SUPPORT NETWORK. C.CHANGING YOUR ENVIRONMENT. D.START SLOW

【A2】

A.MORE THAN WILLPOWER.

B.SUPPORT NETWOR

K.

C.CHANGING YOUR ENVIRONMENT.

D.START SLOW.

E.FIRST THINGS FIRST. WE ALL KNOW THAT BREAKING A BAD HABIT OR ESTABLISHING A NEW, HEALTHY ONE CAN BE DIFFICULT, BUT PERSISTENCE PAYS OF

F.RESEARCHERS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON FOUND THAT 63 PERCENT OF THOSE WHO MADE NEW YEAR"S RESOLUTIONS WERE STILL KEEPING THEIR RESOLUTION TWO MONTHS LATER.IT"S NOT GOING TO BE EASY, BUT THERE ARE WAYS TO INCREASE YOUR WILLPOWER, STAY RESOLVED AND ACHIEVE YOUR GOALS. 【A1】______ DON"T TRY TO RESTRUCTURE YOUR FINANCES, WIN A PROMOTION AND LOSE WEIGHT ALL ON THE SAME MORNIN

G.ESTABLISH ONE CLEAR, SPECIFIC GOAL AND FORMULATE A REALISTIC STRATEGY FOR ACHIEVING IT.EXTRA WILLPOWER SOMETIMES REQUIRES EXTRA ENERGY, SO DON"T STRETCH YOURSELFTOO THI

N.FOCUS ON ONE GOAL AT A TIM

E. 【A2】______ MOMENTUM BUILDS GRADUALLY, AND WHATEVER YOUR GOAL, DON"T EXPECT TO ACHIEVE IT OVERNIGHT.REAL SUCCESS TAKES TIM

E.IF YOU ARE TRYING TO KICK A CAFFEINE HABIT, START BY REPLACING YOUR MORNING CUP OF COFFEE WITH A GLASS OF WATER, INSTEAD OF VOWING NEVER TO DRINK COFFEE AGAI

N.CONGRATULATE YOURSELF ON THE SMALL ACHIEVEMENTS THAT WILL PAVE THE WAY TOWARD A LARGER ON

E.THESE SUCCESSES HELP YOUR WILL POWER GROW. 【A3】______ BOLSTER YOUR WILLPOWER BY TAPPING INTO A SUPPORT NETWOR

K.ASK FRIENDS, FAMILY OR COLLEAGUES FOR ASSISTANCE AND TELL THEM EXACTLY HOW THEY CAN HELP.IF YOUR CREDIT CARD BILLS HAVE SKYROCKETED, FOR INSTANCE, LET FRIENDS KNOW THAT YOU ARE CUTTING BACK ON EXPENSES.SUGGEST HAVING A POTLUCK DINNER INSTEAD OF MEETING AT AN EXPENSIVE RESTAURANT.FIND A SUPPORT GROUP OR ORGANIZATION RELATED TO YOUR GOAL AND ATTEND THEIR MEETINGS.YOU CAN GET VALUABLE ADVICE, UNDERSTANDING AND INFORMATION—ALL OF WHICH INCREASE COMMITMENT AND WILLPOWER. 【A4】______ IF POSSIBLE, ALTER YOUR ENVIRONMENT TO REDUCE TEMPTATION OR ENCOURAGE POSITIVE BEHAVIOR.WANT TO GET IN SHAPE？ KEEP AN EXTRA SET OF WORKOUT CLOTHES IN YOUR OFFICE AS A REMINDER TO STOP BY THE GYM ON THE WAY HOM

E.QUITTING SMOKING？ AVOID BARS OR RESTAURANTS WHERE YOU MIGHT BE TEMPTED TO LIGHT UP. 【A5】______ SOMETIMES CHANGING YOUR BEHAVIOR. REQUIRES MORE THAN WILLPOWER.IF YOU ARE STRUGGLING WITH AN ADDICTION OR WANT TO MAKE A SIGNIFICANT LIFESTYLE. CHANGE, SEEK THE GUIDANCE AND SUPPORT OF A PROFESSIONAL.AN EXPERT MAY BE ABLE TO PROVIDE INTENSIVE SUPPORT AND FOLLOW-UP OR PRESCRIBE MEDICATION TO REDUCE PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS.FOR EXAMPLE, WITHOUT HELP ONLY 5 PERCENT OF SMOKERS CAN QUIT BUT THAT NUMBER RISES TO 30 PERCENT WHEN PEOPLE SEEK BOTH DRUG THERAPY AND COUNSELIN

G. SOMETIMES WILLPOWER IS A LOT LIKE THE TELEVISION REMOTE CONTROL—HARD TO FIND JUST WHEN YOU WANT IT MOST.WHETHER YOU"RE TRYING TO LOSE WEIGHT, STOP SMOKING, GET TO THE GYM REGULARLY, WIN A PROMOTION OR PAY OFF SOME DEBTS, DEVELOPING YOUR SENSE OF WILLPOWER IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF CHANGING ANY BEHAVIOR.

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第7题

【A3】A.MORE THAN WILLPOWER. B.SUPPORT NETWORK. C.CHANGING YOUR ENVIRONMENT. D.START SLOW

【A3】

A.MORE THAN WILLPOWER.

B.SUPPORT NETWOR

K.

C.CHANGING YOUR ENVIRONMENT.

D.START SLOW.

E.FIRST THINGS FIRST. WE ALL KNOW THAT BREAKING A BAD HABIT OR ESTABLISHING A NEW, HEALTHY ONE CAN BE DIFFICULT, BUT PERSISTENCE PAYS OF

F.RESEARCHERS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON FOUND THAT 63 PERCENT OF THOSE WHO MADE NEW YEAR"S RESOLUTIONS WERE STILL KEEPING THEIR RESOLUTION TWO MONTHS LATER.IT"S NOT GOING TO BE EASY, BUT THERE ARE WAYS TO INCREASE YOUR WILLPOWER, STAY RESOLVED AND ACHIEVE YOUR GOALS. 【A1】______ DON"T TRY TO RESTRUCTURE YOUR FINANCES, WIN A PROMOTION AND LOSE WEIGHT ALL ON THE SAME MORNIN

G.ESTABLISH ONE CLEAR, SPECIFIC GOAL AND FORMULATE A REALISTIC STRATEGY FOR ACHIEVING IT.EXTRA WILLPOWER SOMETIMES REQUIRES EXTRA ENERGY, SO DON"T STRETCH YOURSELFTOO THI

N.FOCUS ON ONE GOAL AT A TIM

E. 【A2】______ MOMENTUM BUILDS GRADUALLY, AND WHATEVER YOUR GOAL, DON"T EXPECT TO ACHIEVE IT OVERNIGHT.REAL SUCCESS TAKES TIM

E.IF YOU ARE TRYING TO KICK A CAFFEINE HABIT, START BY REPLACING YOUR MORNING CUP OF COFFEE WITH A GLASS OF WATER, INSTEAD OF VOWING NEVER TO DRINK COFFEE AGAI

N.CONGRATULATE YOURSELF ON THE SMALL ACHIEVEMENTS THAT WILL PAVE THE WAY TOWARD A LARGER ON

E.THESE SUCCESSES HELP YOUR WILL POWER GROW. 【A3】______ BOLSTER YOUR WILLPOWER BY TAPPING INTO A SUPPORT NETWOR

K.ASK FRIENDS, FAMILY OR COLLEAGUES FOR ASSISTANCE AND TELL THEM EXACTLY HOW THEY CAN HELP.IF YOUR CREDIT CARD BILLS HAVE SKYROCKETED, FOR INSTANCE, LET FRIENDS KNOW THAT YOU ARE CUTTING BACK ON EXPENSES.SUGGEST HAVING A POTLUCK DINNER INSTEAD OF MEETING AT AN EXPENSIVE RESTAURANT.FIND A SUPPORT GROUP OR ORGANIZATION RELATED TO YOUR GOAL AND ATTEND THEIR MEETINGS.YOU CAN GET VALUABLE ADVICE, UNDERSTANDING AND INFORMATION—ALL OF WHICH INCREASE COMMITMENT AND WILLPOWER. 【A4】______ IF POSSIBLE, ALTER YOUR ENVIRONMENT TO REDUCE TEMPTATION OR ENCOURAGE POSITIVE BEHAVIOR.WANT TO GET IN SHAPE？ KEEP AN EXTRA SET OF WORKOUT CLOTHES IN YOUR OFFICE AS A REMINDER TO STOP BY THE GYM ON THE WAY HOM

E.QUITTING SMOKING？ AVOID BARS OR RESTAURANTS WHERE YOU MIGHT BE TEMPTED TO LIGHT UP. 【A5】______ SOMETIMES CHANGING YOUR BEHAVIOR. REQUIRES MORE THAN WILLPOWER.IF YOU ARE STRUGGLING WITH AN ADDICTION OR WANT TO MAKE A SIGNIFICANT LIFESTYLE. CHANGE, SEEK THE GUIDANCE AND SUPPORT OF A PROFESSIONAL.AN EXPERT MAY BE ABLE TO PROVIDE INTENSIVE SUPPORT AND FOLLOW-UP OR PRESCRIBE MEDICATION TO REDUCE PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS.FOR EXAMPLE, WITHOUT HELP ONLY 5 PERCENT OF SMOKERS CAN QUIT BUT THAT NUMBER RISES TO 30 PERCENT WHEN PEOPLE SEEK BOTH DRUG THERAPY AND COUNSELIN

G. SOMETIMES WILLPOWER IS A LOT LIKE THE TELEVISION REMOTE CONTROL—HARD TO FIND JUST WHEN YOU WANT IT MOST.WHETHER YOU"RE TRYING TO LOSE WEIGHT, STOP SMOKING, GET TO THE GYM REGULARLY, WIN A PROMOTION OR PAY OFF SOME DEBTS, DEVELOPING YOUR SENSE OF WILLPOWER IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF CHANGING ANY BEHAVIOR.

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第8题

【A1】A.MORE THAN WILLPOWER. B.SUPPORT NETWORK. C.CHANGING YOUR ENVIRONMENT. D.START SLOW

【A1】

A.MORE THAN WILLPOWER.

B.SUPPORT NETWOR

K.

C.CHANGING YOUR ENVIRONMENT.

D.START SLOW.

E.FIRST THINGS FIRST. WE ALL KNOW THAT BREAKING A BAD HABIT OR ESTABLISHING A NEW, HEALTHY ONE CAN BE DIFFICULT, BUT PERSISTENCE PAYS OF

F.RESEARCHERS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON FOUND THAT 63 PERCENT OF THOSE WHO MADE NEW YEAR"S RESOLUTIONS WERE STILL KEEPING THEIR RESOLUTION TWO MONTHS LATER.IT"S NOT GOING TO BE EASY, BUT THERE ARE WAYS TO INCREASE YOUR WILLPOWER, STAY RESOLVED AND ACHIEVE YOUR GOALS. 【A1】______ DON"T TRY TO RESTRUCTURE YOUR FINANCES, WIN A PROMOTION AND LOSE WEIGHT ALL ON THE SAME MORNIN

G.ESTABLISH ONE CLEAR, SPECIFIC GOAL AND FORMULATE A REALISTIC STRATEGY FOR ACHIEVING IT.EXTRA WILLPOWER SOMETIMES REQUIRES EXTRA ENERGY, SO DON"T STRETCH YOURSELFTOO THI

N.FOCUS ON ONE GOAL AT A TIM

E. 【A2】______ MOMENTUM BUILDS GRADUALLY, AND WHATEVER YOUR GOAL, DON"T EXPECT TO ACHIEVE IT OVERNIGHT.REAL SUCCESS TAKES TIM

E.IF YOU ARE TRYING TO KICK A CAFFEINE HABIT, START BY REPLACING YOUR MORNING CUP OF COFFEE WITH A GLASS OF WATER, INSTEAD OF VOWING NEVER TO DRINK COFFEE AGAI

N.CONGRATULATE YOURSELF ON THE SMALL ACHIEVEMENTS THAT WILL PAVE THE WAY TOWARD A LARGER ON

E.THESE SUCCESSES HELP YOUR WILL POWER GROW. 【A3】______ BOLSTER YOUR WILLPOWER BY TAPPING INTO A SUPPORT NETWOR

K.ASK FRIENDS, FAMILY OR COLLEAGUES FOR ASSISTANCE AND TELL THEM EXACTLY HOW THEY CAN HELP.IF YOUR CREDIT CARD BILLS HAVE SKYROCKETED, FOR INSTANCE, LET FRIENDS KNOW THAT YOU ARE CUTTING BACK ON EXPENSES.SUGGEST HAVING A POTLUCK DINNER INSTEAD OF MEETING AT AN EXPENSIVE RESTAURANT.FIND A SUPPORT GROUP OR ORGANIZATION RELATED TO YOUR GOAL AND ATTEND THEIR MEETINGS.YOU CAN GET VALUABLE ADVICE, UNDERSTANDING AND INFORMATION—ALL OF WHICH INCREASE COMMITMENT AND WILLPOWER. 【A4】______ IF POSSIBLE, ALTER YOUR ENVIRONMENT TO REDUCE TEMPTATION OR ENCOURAGE POSITIVE BEHAVIOR.WANT TO GET IN SHAPE？ KEEP AN EXTRA SET OF WORKOUT CLOTHES IN YOUR OFFICE AS A REMINDER TO STOP BY THE GYM ON THE WAY HOM

E.QUITTING SMOKING？ AVOID BARS OR RESTAURANTS WHERE YOU MIGHT BE TEMPTED TO LIGHT UP. 【A5】______ SOMETIMES CHANGING YOUR BEHAVIOR. REQUIRES MORE THAN WILLPOWER.IF YOU ARE STRUGGLING WITH AN ADDICTION OR WANT TO MAKE A SIGNIFICANT LIFESTYLE. CHANGE, SEEK THE GUIDANCE AND SUPPORT OF A PROFESSIONAL.AN EXPERT MAY BE ABLE TO PROVIDE INTENSIVE SUPPORT AND FOLLOW-UP OR PRESCRIBE MEDICATION TO REDUCE PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS.FOR EXAMPLE, WITHOUT HELP ONLY 5 PERCENT OF SMOKERS CAN QUIT BUT THAT NUMBER RISES TO 30 PERCENT WHEN PEOPLE SEEK BOTH DRUG THERAPY AND COUNSELIN

G. SOMETIMES WILLPOWER IS A LOT LIKE THE TELEVISION REMOTE CONTROL—HARD TO FIND JUST WHEN YOU WANT IT MOST.WHETHER YOU"RE TRYING TO LOSE WEIGHT, STOP SMOKING, GET TO THE GYM REGULARLY, WIN A PROMOTION OR PAY OFF SOME DEBTS, DEVELOPING YOUR SENSE OF WILLPOWER IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF CHANGING ANY BEHAVIOR.

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第9题

Only three strategies are available for controlling cancer: prevention, screening and trea

tment. Lung cancer causes more deaths than any other types of cancer. A major cause of the disease is not 【21】______ known; there is no 【22】______ evidence that screening is much help; and treatment 【23】______ in about 90 percent of all cases. At present, therefore, the main strategy must be 【24】______ . This may not always be true, of course, as for some other types of cancer, research 【25】______ the past few decades has suggested some importance in prevention, screening or treatment. 【26】______ , however, we consider not what research may one day offer but what today’s knowledge could already deliver that is not being delivered, then the most practicable and cost-effective opportunities for 【27】______ premature death from cancer, especially lung cancer, probably involve neither screening nor improved treatment, 【28】______ prevention.

This conclusion does not depend on the unrealistic assumption that we can 【29】______ tobacco. It merely assumes that we can reduce cigarette sales appreciably by raising prices or by 【30】______ on the type of education that already appears to have a 【31】______ effect 【32】______ cigarette assumption by white-collar workers and that we can substantially reduce the amount of tar 【33】______ per cigarette.

The practicability of preventing cancer by such measures applies not only in those countries, such as, the United States of America, because cigarette smoking has been common for decades, 25 to 30 percent of all cancer deaths now involves lung cancer, but also in those where it has become 【34】______ only recently. China is a good example. Countries where cigarette smoking is only becoming widespread can expect enormous increase in lung cancer during the 1990’s or early in the next century, 【35】______ prompt effective action is taken 【36】______ the habit.

There are three reasons 【37】______ the prevention of lung cancer is of such overwhelming importance: first, the disease is extremely common, causing more deaths than any other type of cancer now 【38】______ ; secondly, it is generally incurable; and finally, 【39】______ tobacco consumption will also have a substantial 【40】______ on many other diseases.

【21】

A．publicly

B．hardly

C．widely

D．reliably

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