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[主观题]

To most Africans, tribalism simply means very strong loyalty to one's ethnic group. It is

a force that can be both good and had. By definition tribalism means sharing among members of the extended family. It makes sure that a person is taken care of by his own group. To give a job to a fellow tribesman is not wrong; it is an obligation. Similarly, for a politician or military leader it is considered good common sense to choose his closest adviser from people of his own tribe. This ensures security, continuity, authority. Tribal loyalty may mean a quick promotion—from sergeant to captain, from clerk to manager—within a very short time.

Modern African politicians publicly speak out against tribal divisions. Yet it remains perhaps the most powerful force in day-to-day African life. As evidence of tribalism, in 1977 in Kenya, president Jomo Kenyatta's tribe controlled business and politics. Eight of the 21 cabinet posts, including the most important four were filled by Kikuyus. In Uganda in the same year, the president's small Kakwa tribe filled almost all the highest government and military positions! In Agola, Ethiopia, and Nigeria, the fighting in the past ten years can be partly explained by disagreements among tribes.

What is the definition of tribalism？

A．Sharing among members of the extended family.

B．Giving a job to a fellow tribesman.

C．A force that can be both good and bad.

D．People have the same religious belief.

答案

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发布时间：2020-08-20

更多“To most Africans, tribalism simply means very strong loyalty to one's ethnic group. It is”相关的问题

第1题

The author of the passage implies that ________.A) all Africans are musical and the

The author of the passage implies that ________.

A) all Africans are musical and therefore much music is performed in Africa

B) not all Africans are born with musical talent although music is important in their lives

C) most Africans are capable of joining in the music by playing musical instruments

D) most Africans perform. as well as professional musicians

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第2题

Which is NOT the reason for so few South Africans using the Internet？A．Poor connectivity i

Which is NOT the reason for so few South Africans using the Internet？

A．Poor connectivity in rural areas.

B．High prices of Internet-ready phones.

C．No Internet in most rural areas.

D．No need for Internet connection.

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第3题

It has been thought and said that Africans are born with musical talent（才能). Because mus

It has been thought and said that Africans are born with musical talent(才能). Because music is so important in the lives of many Africans and because so much music is performed in Africa, we are likely to think that all Africans are musicians. The impression is strengthened when we look at ourselves and find that we have become largely a society of musical spectators (旁观者). Music is important to us, but most of us can be considered consumers (消费者)rather than producers of music We have records, television, concerts, and radio to meet many of our musical needs. In most situations where music is performed in our culture it is not difficult to tell the audience from the performers, but such is often not the case in Africa Alban Ayipaga, a Kasena semiprofessional musician from northern Ghana, says that when his flute and drum ensemble(歌舞团)is performing, "Anybody can take part". This is true, but Kasena musicians recognize that not all people are equally capable of taking part in the music. Some can sing along with the drummers, but relatively few can drum and even fewer can play the flute along with the ensemble. It is fairly common in Africa for there to be an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound Performances often take place in an open area (that is, not on a stage) and so the lines between the performing nucleus and the additional performers, active spectators, and passive spectators may be difficult to draw our point of view.

The difference between us and Africans, as far .as music is concerned, is that ______.

A．most of us are consumers while most of them are producers of music

B．we are musical performers and they are semiprofessional musicians

C．most of us are passive spectators while they are active spectators

D．we are the audience and they are the additional performers

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第4题

Passage Two:Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.It has been thought and

said that Africans are born with musical talent. Because music is so important in the lives of many Africans and because so much music is performed in Africa, we are inclined to think that Africans are musicians. The impression is strengthened when we look at ourselves and find that we have become largely a society of musical spectators (旁观). Music is important to us, but most of us can be considered consumers rather than producers of music. We have records, television, concerts, and radio to fulfill many of our musical needs. In most situations where music is performed in our culture it is not difficult to distinguish the audience from the performers, but such is often not the case in Africa. Alban Ayipaga, a Kasena semiprofessional musician from northern Ghana, says that when his flute (长笛) and drum ensemble (歌舞团) is performing. “Anybody can take part”. This is true, but Kasena musicians recognize that not all people are equally capable of taking part in the music. Some can sing along with the drummers, but relatively few can drum and even fewer can play the flute along with the ensemble. It is fairly common in Africa for there to be an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound. Performances often take place in an open area (that is, not on a stage) and so the lines between the performing nucleus and the additional performers, active spectators, and passive spectators may be difficult to draw from our point of view.

第26题：The difference between us and Africans, as far as music is concerned, is that ________.

A) most of us are consumers while most of them are producers of music

B) we are musical performers and they are semiprofessional musicians

C) most of us are passive spectators while they are active spectators

D) we are the audience and they are the additional performers

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第5题

Slavery has played a significant role in the history of the U. S. It existed in all the En

glish mainland colonies and most of the Founding Fathers also had slaves, as did eight of the first 12 presidents.

Dutch traders brought 20 Africans to Jamestown, Virginia, as early as 1619, however, throughout the 17 th century the number of Africans in the English mainland colonies grew very slowly. At that time, colonists used two other sources of unfree labor: Native American slaves and European indentured servants.

During those years, every colony had some Native American slaves, but their number was limited. Indian men avoided performing agricultural labor, because they viewed it as women' s work, and colonists complained that they were too "haughty". The more important was that the settlers found it more convenient to sell Native Americans captured in war to planters in the Caribbean than to turn them into slaves, because they often resisted and it was not hard for the slaves to escape. Later, the policy of killing Indians or driving them away from white settlements was proposed and it contradicted with their widespread employment as slaves.

The other form. of labor was the white indentured servitude. Most indentured servants consisted of poor Europeans. Desiring to escape tough conditions in Europe and take advantage of fabled opportunities in America, they traded three to seven years of their labor in exchange for the transatlantic passage. At first, it was mainly English who were the white indentured servitude but later increasingly Irish, Welsh, and German joined. They were essentially temporary slaves and most of them served as agricultural workers although some, especially in the North, were taught skilled trades. During the 17th century, they performed most of heavy labor in the Southern colonies and also consisted of the bulk of immigrants to those colonies.

At the end of the 17 th century, in order to meet the labor need, landowners in America turned to African slaves. During the late 17th and 18th centuries, thanks to the dominant position of England in terms of naval superiority, English traders (some of whom lived in English America) transported millions of Africans across the Atlantic. And the transatlantic slave trade produced one of the largest forced migrations in history, blacks (the great majority of whom were slaves) increasing from about 7 percent of the American population in 1680 to more than 40 percent by the middle of the 18th century.

Which of the following was true of the slavery in America？

A．The colonists sold African Americans to planters in the Caribbean.

B．Native American slaves performed agricultural labor.

C．During the 17th century, the white indentured servitude was the main labor in the Southern colonies.

D．It was at the end of the 17th century that African people began to be brought to America.

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第6题

As she entered the most dynamic period of her career, Kylie _______ her success and tr

A.put it off

B.took stock of

C.took it over

D.took advantage of

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第7题

Text 2For centuries the most valuable of African resources for Europeans were the slaves ,

Text 2

For centuries the most valuable of African resources for Europeans were the slaves ,but these could be obtained at coastal ports, without any need for going deep inland. Slavery had been an established institution in Africa. Prisoners of war had been enslaved, as were also debtors and individuals guilty of serious crimes. But these slaves usually were treated as part of the family. They had clearly defined rights, and their slave status was not necessarily inherited. Therefore it is commonly argued that Africa's traditional slavery was mild compared to the trans-Atlantic slave trade organized by the Europeans. This argument ,however ,can be carried too far .ln the most recent study of this subject, some scholars warned against the illusion that "cruel and dehumanizing enslavement was a monopoly of the West. Slavery in its extreme forms ,including the taking of life, was common to both Africa and the West. The fact that African slavery had different origins and consequences should not lead us to deny what it was - the exploitation and control of human beings. "Neither can it be denied that the wholesale shipment of Africans to the slave plantations of the Americas was made possible by the participation of African chiefs who rounded up their fellow Africans and sold them as a handsome profit to European ship captains waiting along the coasts.

Granting all this ,the fact remains that the trans-Atlantic slave trade conducted by the Europeans was entirely different in quantity and quality from the traditional type of slavery that had existed' within Africa. From the beginning the European variety was primarily an economic institution rather than social ,as it had been in Africa. Western slave traders and slave owners were acted on by purely economic considerations ,and were quite ready to work their slaves to death if it was more profitable to do so than to treat them more mercifully. This inhumanity was reinforced by racism when the Europeans became involved in the African slave trade on a large scale. Perhaps as a subconscious rationalization they gradually came to look down on Negroes as inherently inferior ,and therefore destined to serve their white masters. Rationalization also may have been involved in the Europeans' use of religion to justify the traffic in human beings. It was argued ,for instance ,that enslavement assured the conversion of the African evil-believing religions to the true faith as well as to civilization.

46.1n the first paragraph, the author argues that

[ A] the Europeans were innocent in the trade of African slaves.

[ B] slavery in Africa and in the West was the same in nature.

[ C] the view in the most recent studies of enslavement is baseless.

[D] slaves had been treated even more cruelly in the African tradition.

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第8题

When Europeans first came to Africa, they were amazed to find that many Africans had more

than one wife. Because of this practice, many people thought that African men treated women like waves. But these first impressions proved to be false. Until about 50 years ago, most African women had more freedom and independence than women in Western nations did. In some places of Africa, women have owned most businesses and been the chief traders for many years. In Europe, however, there were many places where women were not even allowed to own property. How about African marriages？ When there is more than one wife, each woman depends on her husband less. Ill a traditional (传统的)African home, each woman lives in her own hut and runs her own household (家庭). That kind of living arrangement gives the woman more independence. Each of the wives in an African family owns her won property and raises her own children. But some tasks, like cooking and baby-sitting, are shared with the other wives. Sharing these chore (家务)makes life easier for African women.

In the first sentence the word" amazed" means ______.

A．interesting

B．satisfied

C．surprised

D．shocked

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第9题

In order to show how black people throughout North American were culturally isolated from the start,

it Is important to recognize how strange and unnatural the initial contact with Western society was for the African. Once we realize what a shock this first encounter was, we can begin to understand the amazing albeit agonizing transformation that produced contemporary black Americans from the people who were first bound and brought to this country. Life in colonial America was completely different from what the African thought human existence should be. This was one of the most important aspects of the enslavement of the African, the radically different, even opposing cultural perspectives that the colonial American and the African brought to one another.

Early European-Americans could not appreciate the profundity of the African world view because it differed so greatly from the Western system of thought and ideas. Western culture, which views the ultimate happiness of humanity as the sole purpose of the universe, could not comprehend the goals or “canons of satisfaction” of a culture with elaborate concepts of predetermination and of the subservience of human beings to a complex of Gods. The cruelty of this misunderstanding, when contained within already terrifying circumstance of slavery, should be readily apparent.

Africans were unable to preserve many of the achievements of their civilization under a system of slavery which denied cultural autonomy to the oppressed. European-Americans immediately attempted to eradicate all manifestations of African political, social, and economic traditions. Moreover, the highly developed African system of Jurisprudence could not function under the American form of slavery. Nevertheless, Africans were able to preserve some of their own cultural perspectives, and many of the attitudes, customs, and cultural characteristics of the black American can be traced directly back to Africa. Religion, non-material aspects of

African culture, which could not be suppressed, now form the most apparent legacies of African past.

Because of the violent differences between what was indigenous to their culture and what was forced on them m slavery, Africans developed an eclectic view of the world, containing both those elements of African temperament that could not be suppressed and those elements of Western culture that were essential to survival in North America. Afro-Americans (the first American-born black people, who retained many pure Africanisms ) and later black Americans inherited these cultural complexities and added individual nuances of their own. So, after several generations in the United States, the black Americans developed a separate culture which reflects both their African and their American experience. The African culture, the retention of some parts of this culture in American, and the weight of the step-culture produced a new people.

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第10题

For centuries the most valuable of African resources for Europeans were the slaves, but th

ese could be obtained at coastal ports, without any need for going deep inland. Slavery had been an established institution in Africa. Prisoners of war had been enslaved, as were also debtors and individuals guilty of serious crimes. But these slaves usually were treated as part of the family. They had clearly defined rights, and their slave status was not necessarily inherited. Therefore it is commonly argued that Africa's traditional slavery was mild compared to the trans-Atlantic slave trade organized by the Europeans. This argument, however, can be carried too far. In the most recent study of this subject, some scholars warned against the illusion that " cruel and dehumanizing enslavement was a monopoly of the West. Slavery in its extreme forms, including the taking of life, was common to both Africa and the West. The fact that African slavery had different origins and consequences should not lead us to deny what it was — the exploitation and control of humanbeings. "Neither can it be denied that the wholesale shipment of Africans to the slave plantations of the Americas was made possible by the participation of African chiefs who rounded up their fellow Africans and sold them as a handsome profit to European ship captains waiting along the coasts.

Granting all this, the fact remains that the trans-Atlantic slave trade conducted by the Europeans was entirely different in quantity and quality from the traditional type of slavery that had existed within Africa. From the beginning the European variety was primarily an economic institution rather than social, as it had been in Africa. Western slave traders and slave owners were acted on by purely economic considerations, and were quite ready to work their slaves to death if it was more profitable to do so than to treat them more mercifully. This inhumanity was reinforced by racism when the Europeans became involved in the African slave trade on a large scale. Perhaps as a subconscious rationalization they gradually came to look down on Negroes as inherently inferior, and therefore destined to serve their white masters. Rationalization also may have been involved in the Europeans' use of religion to justify the traffic in human beings. It was argued, for instance, that enslavement assured the conversion of the African evil-believing religions to the true faith as well as to civilization.

In the first paragraph, the author argues that

A．the Europeans were innocent in the trade of African slaves.

B．slavery in Africa and in the West was the same in nature.

C．the view in the most recent studies of enslavement is baseless.

D．slaves had been treated even more cruelly in the African tradition.

点击查看答案

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