回答题：According to the most recent research on parenting，caretakers tend to use three st

回答题：

According to the most recent research on parenting，caretakers tend to use three strategies for disciplining children.

Power includes the use of physical punishment such as spanking or the threat of physical punishment， but parents can also demonstrate power by taking away a privilege such as using the ear， attending a sporting event， or in the ease of a very young child， playing with a favorite toy. In spite of the fact that power strategies， especially severe physical punishment， can cause children to fear or even hate parents， it"s surprising that power remains the strategy used most often in discipli- ning children. It"s also worth noting that children who are harshly dise!plined in this way tend to be hostile， defiant， and aggressive socially.

Second in popularity after power is the withholding of affection. This can take the form. of re- fusal to communicate with a child， threatening to abandon or reject the child， or otherwise treating children as though they were unworthy of love. Interesting enough， children disciplined in this way appear on the surface to be very self-disciplined， even model children who are seldom in trouble， but underneath， these same children are generally very nervous，insecure and dependent others to approve of and guide their evaluation of behavior.

Finally， management techniques are employed for discipline. These begin with a set of rules that are dearly expressed at an age-appropriate level. To enforce the rules， parents use a combina- tion of praise and approval with explanation and reasoning， always referring back to the rules.

But regardless of the strategy， the behavior. that has precipitated punishment should be dearly understood， and the consequences should be consistent. Key to any kind of discipline is a pattern of consistency so that children understand the relationship between the rules， their behavior， and the consequences.

According to the passage， parents generally use the following strategies to discipline their children except__________. 查看材料

A.power strategies

B.withholding of affection

C.praisE．

D.management techniques