Some personal characteristics play a vital role in the development of one' s intelligence.

But people fail to realize the importance of cultivating these factors in young people.

The so-called non-intelligence factors include one's feelings, will, motivation, interests and habits. After a 30-year follow-up study of 800 males, American psychologists found out that the main cause of disparities(差别)in intelligence is not intelligence itself, but non-intelligence factors including the desire to learn, will-power and self-confidence. Though people all know that one should have definite objectives, a strong will and good learning habits, quite a number of teachers and parents don't pay much attention to cultivating these factors. Some parents are greatly worried when their children fail to do well in their studies. They blame either genetic factors, malnutrition, or laziness, but they never take into consideration these non-intelligence factors. At the same time, some teachers don't inquire into these, as reasons why students do poorly. They simply give them more courses and exercises, or even rebuke or ridicule (训斥或奚落) them. Gradually, these students lost self-confidence. Some of them just feel defeated and give themselves up as hopeless. Others may go astray because they are sick of learning.

The investigation of more than 1,000 middle school students in Shanghai showed that 46.5 percent of them were afraid of learning, because of examinations, 36.4 percent lack persistence, initiative and conscientiousness and 10.3 percent were sick of learning.

It is clear that the lack of cultivation of non-intelligence factors has been a main obstacle to intelligence development in teenagers. It ever causes an imbalance between physiological and psychological development among a few students.

If we don't start now to strengthen the cultivation of non-intelligence factors, it will not only obstruct the development of the intelligence of teenagers, but also affect the quality of a whole generation. Some experts have put forward proposals about how to cultivate students' non-intelligence factors.

First, parents and teachers should fully understand teenage psychology. On this basis, they can help them to pursue the objective of learning, stimulating their will-power.

The cultivation of non-intelligence factors should also be part of primary education for small children. Parents should attend to these qualities from the very beginning.

Primary and middle schools can open psychology courses to help students overcome the psychological obstacles to their learning, daily lives and recreation.

Which of the following is non-intelligence factor？

A．Self-confidence

B．Malnutrition

C．Motivation

D．Learning habit