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Turing Award is part of Nobel Prize.
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更多“Turing Award is part of Nobel Prize.”相关的问题
第1题
Turing Award & ACM
图灵奖与美国计算机学会
Turing, Alan. M. (1912—1954) is famous as a British theorist of computer science. In 1936 he invented a machine, later called Turing Machine, which has become a crucial part of the foundation of modern computer science. Turing discussed his ideas for the future of machines in mechanizing mental processes: not only chess playing but also the possibility of machines capable of learning.
Turing's plan for the ACE[1]was approved in March 1946. Its main foree, however, was in programming ideas. Turing stressed, that the machine would require no reengineering—only new programming—for a wide range of acti.vities. Turing withdrew from the test in 1948, when nothing had actually been built. The Pilot ACE was later completed in 1950, and was in the vanguard of computing.
Turing' s progress lay in advancing computing ideas rather than practice. His underlying goals for computation, in which program modification played a vital part, appeared in his philosophical paper of 1950. This, including the imitation game operational definition of intelligence now known as the Turing test, is still regarded as the foundation of the philosophy of artificial intelligence[2].
Turing Award[3]
Turing Award was named for Alan M. Turing. Turing Award is the most prestigious technical recognition in the computer science field. It is sometimes referred to as[4]the "Nobel Prize" of computer science. The Association for Computing Machinery started bestowing this honor in 1966 to persons selected for their contributions to[5]computing. The Association for Computing Machinery is a New York-based scientific and educational organization of computer science professionals, with a worldwide membership of about 80,000.
Turing Machine[6]
The Turing machine isa mathematical construct, devised by Turing to specify precisely what should he understood by a mechanical process, what would nowadays generally be called an algorithm.
Turing's paper gave an analysis of what could be done by people acting mechanically. The key idea is that a machine may have finitely many configurations or states. A table of behavior then lays down precisely what the machine is to do in response to what it has read. Given[7]the general formalism, any particular Turing machine simply is the table of behavior.
Turing defined the term computable numbers[8]for those numbers that can be computed by a Turing machine. Turing's analysis picked out what is now known as the halting problem[8], which refers to predicting what an arbitrary Turing machine will do. It is shown that there is no Turing machine that can perform the required prediction.
Turing observed in his analysis that reading a table of behavior and interpreting the entries is itself a mechanical operation. This gave rise to his idea of the universal Turing machine, which is a particular kind of Turing machine that has a table of instructions that it will read the table of instructions of any other Turing machine and do what that Turing machine would have done. In modern terms, this is the function of a digital computer. Turing himself later extended this idea into the discussion of the possible mechanization of all mental processes. Turing machine is now an important concept in the cognitive sciences[10].
Turing Test
Turing test is an operational criterion for intelligence introduced by Turing in the paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", which is generally regarded as a founding contribution to the philosophy of artificial intelligence. The test, which Turing called the imitation game, is its most famous aspect.
The interrogator, a human, can communicate with two sources, one human and one machine. The interrogator mus decide which is which[11].
Figure 1 Turing Test
His proposal was as follows: Imagine you have a person able to communicate with two others, B and C, only through a teletype or computer link. This person must try to distinguish B from C simply by asking questions, while those being questioned try to fool the interrogator about their gender. In the Turing test, one of the human participants is replaced by a computer. If the computer is able to convince the interrogator it is the human, Turing argued, it can be said to be intelligent.
Turing's test presents the question "Can a machine think？" in a form amenable to experiment. It is intended to circumvent philosophical problems about the nature of mind by introducing an operational definition based on a materialist view[12]in which minds are identified with the functioning of the brain[13].
Turing's test is based entirely on observable output, avoiding the discussion of consciousness. However, many philosophers have continued to hold that human beings have an intrinsic quality that cannot be possessed even by a machine that successfully imitates human behavior. Other critics wonder whether digital information can be a satisfactory guide to intelligence. But Turing's game does have the merit of taking seriously the word intelligence.
The imitation game is only one aspect of Turing's paper, which has more constructive elements that put the ancient mind-matter problem in the scientific arena of the digital machine. Turing holds that computability is fundamental, argues that the action of the brain is computable, and that[14]a computer, as a universal machine[15]can do anything computable. He describes approaches to artificial intelligence through explicit programming and through implicit methods of teaching. Turing vividly illustrates the potential scope of machines as going beyond the mechanical in the everyday sense.
An Overview of ACM
The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) is a major force in advancing the skills of information technology professionals and students. Founded in 1947, ACM is the largest and oldest international scientific and educational computer society in the industry todaY. Organized only a year after the unveiling of ENIAC, the first general-purpose[16]electronic computer, ACM was established by mathematicians and electrical engineers to advance the science and application of information technology. John Mauchly, co-inventor of the ENIAC, was one of ACM's founders. Since its inception, ACM has provided its members and the world of computer science a forum for the sharing of knowledge on developments and achievements necessary to the fruitful interchange of ideas. Over the years, ACM has flourished along with the industry itself[17], playing a major role in enriching the quality, form and function of computer usage.
The Importance of ACM.
Over the past 45 years ACM has played a vital role in disseminating the fruits of scientific efforts within and throughout the scientific and electronic engineering community. ACM' s founders understood the potential of the computer and were responsible for forming the early gathering points for exchange of data and ideas, and most of all, for stimulating others with their enthusiasm to learn and follow this exciting new endeavor.
ACM answered the need for a scientific and educational society to publish the latest scholarly opinions and briefs, to provide a forum for the interaction of ideas and concepts, and to consolidate the leadership of a new profession. Its Journal tied together the pioneering efforts on university and college campuses.
Much of the discussion after the earliest machines centered on programming—could a way better than basic binary machine code be found to instruct these new marvels？ And out of this, with help from ACM members, came FORTRAN and COBOL. ACM was the organization which provided the conferences, committee meetings and publications which gave impetus to these monumental efforts and provided the stimulus for integrity and high academic standards which have remained today as the guiding light and hallmark in computer science.
Nearly all the giants[18]of software development have been personally influenced by ACM membership—ACM publications—ACM Special Interest Groups—ACM Chapters and Student Chapters—ACM conferences... and virtually all academic computer science curricula used today stem from ACM's involvement in curricula creation and their efforts to maintain a consistently high level of content in computer science instruction.
Awards: ACM sponsors awards to recognize individuals for their technical and professional contributions to the field.
Turing Award. It is ACM's most prestigious technical award. It is given to an individual selected for contributions considered to be of lasting and major technical importance to the computer field.
Distinguished Service Award:The award is on the basis of value and degree of services to the computing community. The contribution is not limited to service to ACM itself, but includes activities in other organizations and emphasizes contributions to the computing profession at large.
Doctoral Dissertation[19]Award:This award is presented annually to the author(s) of the best doctoral dissertation(s) in computer science and engineering. The award includes ＄1000 plus royalties from sales of the published version.
Software System Award:It is awarded to an institution or individual(s) recognized for developing a software system that has had a lasting influence, reflected in contributions to concepts, in commercial acceptance, or both.
Outstanding Educator Award: Presented annually to an outstanding educator who is appointed to a recognized educational baccalaureate insti.tution and is recognized for advancing new teaching methodologies, effecting new curriculum development or expansion in Computer Science and Engineering, or making a significant contribution to the educational mission of the ACM. Those who have been teaching for ten years or less are given special consideration.
ACM Student Research Competition: Students from universities across the US and around the world can participate in this competition. ACM Special Interest Group, namely SIG[20]conferences offer additional opportunities for undergraduate students to demonstrate their research contributions and receive recognition for their work while encouraging graduate students to participate in computing research. They also enable students to interact with researchers in their respective fields and raise the profile of computing research within the IT community.
Notes
[1] ACE Automatic Computing Equipment自动计算机(装置)。
[2] ...the foundation of the philosophy of artificial intelligence人工智能基本原理的基础。
[3] Turing Award图灵奖(被誉计算机领域里的诺贝尔奖)。
[4] It is sometimes referred to as...有时它被誉为……。
[5] ...contributions to...对于……的贡献。注意：此处to为介词。
[6] Turing Machine图灵机(一种可不受存储容量限制的假想计算机)。
[7] given假设，假定。例如：
Given the condition of the engine,it is a wonder that it even starts.
倘若这台发动机能发动的话，可真是不可思议。
Given good health, I hope to finish the work this week.
倘若健康状况良好，我希望本周完成这项工作。
[8] computable numbers可计算数
[9] halting problem (of Turing machines)图灵机停机问题
[10] ...cognitive sciences认知科学。研究各种思维活动和过程，以及产生这些思维活动和过程的本质。
[11] The interrogator must decide which is which具体指The interrogator should be able to identify which one is human and which one is the machine.
[12] materialist view唯物主义观点。该理论认为物质实体是唯一现实存在。
[13] ...minds are identified with the functioning of the brain智力与大脑的作用有关。be identified with与……有关。例如：That politician is too closely identified with the former government to become a minister.
[14] ...and that... that为连接词，引导宾语从句，原文中相当于and argues that...。
[15] a universal machine通用机器。
[16] general purpose通用的。
[17] ACM has flourished along with the industry itself. ACM与(计算机)产业一样兴旺发达。
[18] giant此处应为名词，指“巨子、巨人”。
[19] doctoral dissertation博士论文。
[20] SIG：Special Interest Groups (of ACM)美国计算机协会的各类别专业组。
第2题
Can you pick out the wrong statement concerning Turing Award？
A．Turing Award is the "Nobel Prize" in computer field.
B．Turing Award was named for Turing.
C．Everyone who works in computer field can apply for the award.
D．The award was started from 1966.
第4题
We are pleased to inform. you that your company has won this year's Business 2003 Award. The award will be presented at a reception at the Park Hotel on February 19.
I would be grateful if you would let me know as soon as you can whether you will be able to attend and, also, whether you would be prepared to give a short talk during the evening.
&8226;Write a letter to Mr Trellis:
&8226;thanking him for the award
&8226;suggesting a topic for the talk
&8226;saying what equipment you will need
&8226;asking whether some members of staff can also attend.
&8226;Write 60-80 words on your Answer Sheet.
&8226;Do not include any postal addresses.
第5题
A.invented
B.introduced
C.developed
D.delivered
第6题
"Our students are a pretty active bunch, but we found that they didn't【C6】______appreciate the value of what they did【C7】______the lecture hall," says Jeff Goodman, director of careers and employability at the university. "Employers are much more【C8】______than they used to be. They used to look for【C9】______and saw it as part of their job to extract the value of an applicant's skills. Now they want students to be able to explain why those skills are【C10】______to the job.
Students who sign【C11】______for the award will be expected to complete 50 hours of work experience or【C12】______work, attend four workshops on employ ability skills, take part in an intensive skills-related activity【C13】______crucially, write a summary of the skills they have gained. 【C14】______efforts will gain an Outstanding Achievement Award. Those who【C15】______best on the sports field can take the Sporting PLuS Award which fosters employer-friendly sports accomplishments.
The experience does not have to be【C16】______organised. "We're not just interested in easily identifiable skills," says Goodman. "【C17】______, one student took the lead ir dealing with a difficult landlord and so【C18】______negotiation skills. We try to make the experience relevant to individual lives.
Goodman hopes the【C19】______will enable active students to fill in any gaps in their experience and encourage their less-active【C20】______to take up activities outside their academic area of work.
【C1】
A．advisors
B．specialists
C．critics
D．employers
第7题
听力原文： How is everyone feeling today？ My name is Kyle Orton and I'm here to share with you the wonders of deep meditation. I've been practicing for almost 15 years. 15 years has taught me that meditation is the best way to relieve stress. The number of people interested in deep meditation has increased dramatically. For instance, our school's attendance has gone from only 10 people a year ago to more than 100 today. Thank you for coming. You will not regret having taken part in our workshop.
Where is this talk taking place？
A．At a book store
B．At a workshop
C．At an award ceremony
D．At a clinic
第8题
Under the SCC Rules three arbitrators are appointed unless the SCC Institute decides, at its discretion, that the arbitral tribunal should consist of a sole arbitrator. However the parties may agree otherwise. Each party appoints one arbitrator and the SCC Institute the third who will act as chairman of the arbitral tribunal, unless the parties have decided otherwise. There is no list of arbitrators but the parties may appoint any person of any nationality as arbitrator, as long as he is impartial and independent.
The parties may be represented or assisted by any person of any nationality in the proceedings.
The parties are also free to agree on :
·The place of arbitration
·The language to be used in the proceedings
·The law, or rules of law, to be applied to the substance of the case
The arbitrators act on the basis of presentations-both oral and written-submitted by the parties.
The award shall be rendered within six months and no appeal is permitted on the merits .
Claimant files its request for arbitration, appoints an arbitrator and provides the registration fee
The request for arbitration shall include the names and addresses of the parties and their counsel, a summary of the dispute, a preliminary statement of relief sought, a copy of the arbitration agreement and, the name and address of the appointed arbitrator.
The request may be faxed to the SCC Institute or sent by e-mail. However, if the request is extensive, paper copies are preferred. In such case, the request should be submitted in five copies.
At the same time as the request for arbitration is filed, the claimant shall pay a registration fee.
SCC Institute
The SCC Institute makes a preliminary check on its jurisdiction and, if the registration fee is provided, notifies the respondent.
Respondent submits its reply to the request for arbitration and appoints an arbitrator
The reply shall include comments on the request and the name and address of the appointed arbitrator. Furthermore, the respondent should submit any counterclaim or set- off claim and any objections regarding jurisdiction. The reply may be brief.
Failure from the respondent to submit a reply does not prevent the SCC Institute from proceeding with the arbitration.
SCC Institute appoints a chairman and determines the advance on costs
If the respondent fails to submit its reply, or if' the reply does not contain any information regarding an arbitrator, the SCC Institute appoints an arbitrator on the respondent's behalf.
Furthermore, apart from appointing the Chainnan and determining the Advance on Costs , the Institute decides the place of arbitration, should the parties not have determined it already.
Should the parties have decided another procedure regarding the appointment of the chairman, the SCC Institute will consider such decision.
Following the above said decisions the SCC Institute requests the parties to provide the advance on costs.
Claimant provides its part of the advance on costs
The advance on costs shall be provided in cash. However, part of the amount may be provided by way of a bank guarantee. The SCC Institute keeps model guarantees for such purpose.
Generally, Lhe parties are asked to provide the advance on costs with half each. Should the respondent fail to provide its part of the amount the claimant will be asked to provide the entire amount.
Respondent provides its part of the advance on costs
The advance on costs shall be provided in cash. However, part of the amount may be provided by way of a bank guarantee. The SCC Institute keeps model guarantees for such purpose.
Generally, the parties are asked to provide the advance on costs with half each. The respondent may not pursue a counterclaim wiLhout providing an advance on costs.
SCC Institute refers the case to the arbitral tribunal
Following the payment of the advance on costs, the case is referred to the arbitral tribunal.
The arbitral tribunal
The manner of conducting the proceedings is determined by the arbitral tribunal in compliance with the conditions set down in the arbitration agreement and the SCC rules. Due account is taken to the wishes of the parties.
Unless the parties have agreed on the language to be used in the proceedings, the arbitral tribunal will, after consultation with the parties, make such decision.
Unless the parties have agreed which law, or rules of law, shall apply to the merits of the dispute, the arbitral tribunal will apply the law, or rules of law, that it considers to be most appropriate.
The arbitral tribunal requests the claimant to submit a statement of claim. The respondent will be requested to submit a statement of defence.
Claimant submits its statement of claim
The claimant shall submit a statement of claim, including the following (unless already submitted) :
·The relief sought
·The material facts and circumstances
·A preliminary statement of evidence
The claimant may amend its claim in the course of the proceedings if the amendments are comprised by the arbitration agreement and the arbitral tribunal does not oppose thereto on account of the point of time of the amendment, the prejudice that may be caused to the other party or other circumstances.
Respondent submits its statement of defence
The respondent shall submit a statement of defence, including the following (unless already submitted) :
·A statement as to whether the respondent denies or accepts the relief sought by the claimant
·The material facts and circumstances
·Any counterclaim or set-off claim and the grounds therefore
·A preliminary statement of evidence
The respondent may amend its counterclaim or set-off claim in the course of the proceedings if the amendments are comprised by the arbitration agreement and the arbitral tribunal does not oppose thereto on account of the point of time of the amendments, the prejudice that may be caused to the other party or other circumstances.
The arbitral tribunal summons the parties to a hearing
An oral hearing shall be arranged if requested by either party, or if the arbitral tribunal considers it appropriate. The arbitral tribunal shall determine the time for the hearing, its duration and how it is to be organized, including the manner in which evidence is to be presented. When planning the hearing, the arbitral tribunal shall take into account the wishes of the parties.
At the hearing the parties shall, at the request of the arbitral tribunal, state the evidence on which they intend to rely.
Despite a party's failure to appear at the hearing, the arbitral tribunal may decide to continue the hearing and render an award.
The arbitral tribunal renders an award
An award shall be rendered not later than six months as from the date when the case was referred to the arbitral tribunal.
At the request of a party, a separate issue or part of the matter in dispute may be decided in a separate award.
If a party withdraws a claim the other party may request the arbitral tribunal to rule on the claim. A condition for such ruling is that the party requesting the award has paid an advance on costs.
When rendered an award is final and binding for the parties.
Questions for reading :
第9题
听力原文： Good evening and thank you for watching. I am Rachael Selic, the host of Entertainment Tonight. We have a great show for you all tonight! I am joined by the lovely 28-year-old Sarah Johnson who recently launched her first solo album In Winter Dreams. It has received huge success from fans and newcomers alike. The first single Nite Sky has been on the top 10 charts for two months now and Sarah's hit recently received an award for best song. So, Sarah, this is your first solo album since leaving your former group, the Mandolins, 8 years ago. I understand that music has always been a part of your life for the last decade, how does all of this new success feel？
What is Entertainment Tonight？
A．A radio show
B．A magazine interview
C．A television show
D．An Internet broadcast site
第10题
听力原文：F Good evening, and welcome to our sixth annual design awards ceremony As chair of the panel of judges, I saw the work of a great many design consultancies, and was very impressed by its range and quality. We had great difficulty selecting the winners, but with that now done, let me introduce William Taylor, who's going to announce the prizewinners.
William Taylor started his career as Chief Executive of the design consultancy he founded ten years ago, but since selling that he's been working freelance. He modestly describes himself as a publicist, though in fact his scope is far greater than that suggests. His work is eye-catching, witty and extremely effective. He was last year's prizewinner in our exhibitions category, for the digital media gallery that he had designed. His major project at the moment is to design an exhibition of photography, and we look forward to seeing the results. Ladies and gentlemen - William Taylor
M Thank you. Our first award this evening is in the Internal Communications category, and this goes to the Steppart Consultancy for their work for travel chain Farlands. The consultancy's original brief was to develop an effective internal communications system of memos and newsletters, but they concluded that an intranet would be far more effective. So with the client's agreement Steppart rewrote their brief Not only did the new system have to be user-friendly, its design also had to reflect Farlands' brand values - bright, colourful and synonymous, with fun. It succeeded in full, overcame all the. company's communications problems, and allowed it to make the predicted savings on postage and paper What was not foreseen, however, was the strong sense of involvement and even excitement that the innovation also created, which greatly enhanced Farlands' intemal culture. So today's first prizewinner is the Steppart Consultancy,
The winning consultancy in our Corporate Identity category is J3, for their work for Coffee Cabina, whose outlets provide such good cups of coffee and cakes. When Coffee Cabina decided to re-brand, two years ago, it had nine stores with three separate identities. Since it launched its new identity, the company has refitted all its existing stores and a further dozen are about to be opened. While operating costs have risen by 15 per cent, profitability has increased by over 40 per cent. Since hitting 'the streets, the new design has led to a steady rise in the number of new customers, and most of the stores reached the sales potential which was forecast for them within two to three weeks, instead of the standard four to six months, Ladies and gentlemen, the J3 Consultoncy.
Now we turn to packaging, and this award goes to consultancy Tamka for its work for Starbury Ice Creams. Starbury decided to launch a range of premium ice creams, to complement its existing range, and identified this as an opportunity to aim at a more mature market segment than the children who comprised the majority of its existing customers. This was made part of Tamka's brief Another challenge for the designers was to attract year-round sales, unlike the seasonal consumption which the existing range depended on. The new premium ice creams have quickly become established, and the company strongly believes that this was helped by the excellent packaging which Tamka designed for them. The designs challenge every tradition, from the shape and material of the ice cream containers to the minimalist feel of the label. The panel was very taken by th/s, and by the coherent approach which the designers took to every aspect of the design package. So the award in the packaging category goes to Tamka.
How to approach Listening Test Part One
&8226;In this part of the Listening Test you listen to a monologue, e.g. a presentation.
&8226;Before you listen, read the notes. Think about what you are going to hear.
&8226;Note all
