Shaming PunishmentsLast month, James Connolly, a junior at the University of Massachusetts - 试题答案网问答

第1题

第三篇 Shaming Punishments Last month，James Connolly，a junior at the University of Massac

第三篇 Shaming Punishments

Last month，James Connolly，a junior at the University of Massachusetts，stood in front of a local police station wearing a toga(长袍)as punishment．

His crime？ He was charged with underage drinking，illegal possession of alcohol and excessive noise while holding a party．

This shaming punishment has increased in the US in recent years，mostly imposed by local judges for less—serious crimes，such as drunk driving and theft．

They believe shame is the best petty crime deterrent(威慑)．For example，in Tennessee，Judge James McKenzie has made shoplifters(商店货物扒手)stand outside Wal — Mart with signs that read，“I am a thief put here by order of Judge McKenzie”，“Alternative punishments like community service and fines don’t convey moral condemnation(谴责)of the criminal，”said Dan Kahan ，a University of Chicago Law School professor ,in an article published on the university’S website．“They aren’t shameful enough。”

Shaming punishments are sometimes called Scarlet(红色的)Letter punishments．The name comes from US author Nathaniel Hawthorne’S 1850 novel The Scarlet Letter．In this novel，a woman is forced to wear a scarlet “A”on her clothes as punishment forher adultery(通奸)．

However, University of Iowa law professor Andrew Hosmanek said there is an important difference between the shaming punishments of colonial America and those assigned in states like Tennessee．

“Early societies often had are— acceptance’ ceremony to welcome the offender back into main society,”says Hosmanek．“Contemporary punishments in America lack this．”

Supporters of shaming punishment argue that public shaming is a good way of expressing community values。Some judges say shamed offenders seldom repeat their crimes．

Others aren’t SO sure。“There is little evidence to suggest that shaming punishments are successful in preventing people from committing specific crimes．And a shamed criminal may face a hard battle to regain credibility in society，”said Hosmanek．“So，a shaming punishment may force the offender into more crimes to support himself．”

Experts also debate shaming punishment’S damage to human dignity．“Since the point is to shame，it's of course degrading(侮辱人格的)，”said Linda Malone，director of the Human Rights and National Security Law Programme at William and Mary Law School．

“US law only prohibits punishment that is‘cruel and unusual’一not‘inhuman and degrading’．it's very difficult for a thief to prove that holding a sign in front of Wal-Mart is ‘cruel and unusual’.”

41. James Connolly was accused of all the following crimes EXCEPT

A. illegally possessing alcoh01

B. smuggling drugs

C. drinking at an illegal age

D. making too much noise at a party

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第2题

根据下列材料请回答 41～45 题：Shaming PunishmentsLast month，James Connolly，a junior at the U

根据下列材料请回答 41～45 题：Shaming Punishments

Last month，James Connolly，a junior at the University of Massachusetts，stood in front of a local police station wearing a toga(长袍)as punishment.

His crime？ He was charged with underage drinking，illegal possession of alcohol and excessive noise while holding a party.

This shaming punishment has increased in the US in recent years，mostly imposed by local judges for less—serious crimes，such as drunk driving and theft.

They believe shame is the best petty crime deterrent(威慑).For example，in Tennessee，Judge James McKenzie has made shoplifters(商店货物扒手)stand outside Wal — Mart with signs that read，“I am a thief put here by order of Judge McKenzie”，“Alternative punishments like community service and fines don’t convey moral condemnation(谴责)of the criminal，”said Dan Kahan ，a University of Chicago Law School professor ,in an article published on the university’S website.“They aren’t shameful enough。”

Shaming punishments are sometimes called Scarlet(红色的)Letter punishments.The name comes from US author Nathaniel Hawthorne’S 1850 novel The Scarlet Letter.In this novel，a woman is forced to wear a scarlet “A”on her clothes as punishment forher adultery(通奸).

However, University of Iowa law professor Andrew Hosmanek said there is an important difference between the shaming punishments of colonial America and those assigned in states like Tennessee.

“Early societies often had are— acceptance’ ceremony to welcome the offender back into main society,”says Hosmanek.“Contemporary punishments in America lack this.”

Supporters of shaming punishment argue that public shaming is a good way of expressing community values。Some judges say shamed offenders seldom repeat their crimes.

Others aren’t SO sure。“There is little evidence to suggest that shaming punishments are successful in preventing people from committing specific crimes.And a shamed criminal may face a hard battle to regain credibility in society，”said Hosmanek.“So，a shaming punishment may force the offender into more crimes to support himself.”

Experts also debate shaming punishment’S damage to human dignity.“Since the point is to shame，it's of course degrading(侮辱人格的)，”said Linda Malone，director of the Human Rights and National Security Law Programme at William and Mary Law School.

“US law only prohibits punishment that is‘cruel and unusual’一not‘inhuman and degrading’.it's very difficult for a thief to prove that holding a sign in front of Wal-Mart is ‘cruel and unusual’.”

第41题：James Connolly was accused of all the following crimes EXCEPT

A．illegally possessing alcoh01

B．smuggling drugs

C．drinking at an illegal age

D．making too much noise at a party

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第3题

下列各 A．It’s hardly breaking news that junk food is bad for us．But just how bad—and just

how much food companies know about the addictive(添加剂) components of certain foods，and just how much they deliberately target the most vulnerable consumers knowing they are doing damage-is still being discovered．The New York Times offers the latest installment in this weekend’s magazine with an article about the science of junk food addiction． B．Nearly everything written about food in the mainstream media relies on the san2e narrative：Obesity is bad．That kind of reporting is part of what’s keeping us sick．There’s no denying the fact that the American public has gotten larger in recent decades．Along with getting fatter，weve also seen a rise in illnesses like．heart disease and certain cancers．Instead of focusing on how our health is hurting．most of the media coverage uses the term “obesity”．making the story more about weight than about health—to the point where it’s become an accepted truth that“fat”equals “unheaithy”． C．That’s not actually the case．though．While “the obesity epidemic” may be a convenient catch．all for the illnesses and health problems related to our food chain．it’s a lazy term and an inaccurate one．Are we actually worried about public health？ 0r are we offended by fat bodies that don’t meet our thin ideals？In all seriousness：what good does a focus on body size actually do？ D．If we’re actually concerned about health．then we should focus on health．The addictive qualities of our food, the lack of oversight (监督). the high levels of chemicals and the government subsidies (补贴) to make prices lower making the worst foods the most accessible should concern us and spur us to action. Nutrient-deficient (营养缺乏) chemically-processed "food" in increasingly larger sizes is bad for all of our bodies, whether were fat or thin or somewhere in between. So is the culture in which fast food is able to thrive. Americans work more than ever before; we take fewer vacation days and put in longer hours, especially since the recession hit. The US remains the only industrialized country without national paid parental leave and without compulsory annual vacation time; we also have no federal law requiring paid sick days. 85% of American men and 66% of women work more than 40 hours per week. In Norway, for comparison, 23% of men work more than 40-hour weeks, and only 7% of women. E．Despite all this work, American income levels remain remarkably divided into the poorest and the richest, with the richest few controlling nearly all of the wealth. In one of the wealthiest countries on earth, one in seven people rely on federal food aid, with most of the financial benefits going to big food companies who are also able to produce cheap, nutritionally questionable food thanks to agricultural subsidies. The prices of the worst foods are arificially depressed, the big food lobbies have enormous power, and the biggest loser is the American public, especially low-income folks wbo spend larger proportions of their income on food but face systematic impediments (妨碍) to healthy eating and exercise. F．With demanding work days, little time off and disproportionate amounts of our incomes going toward things like health insurance and childcare that other countries provide at a lower cost, is it any surprise that we eat fast-food breakfast on our laps in the car and prefer dinner options that are quick and cheap？ G． Reforming our food system requires major structural changes, not just saying no to put down that bag of chips. We need to push back against corporate interests. Food companies are incredibly" good at positing themselves as crusaders (拥护者) for personal choice and entities simply dedicated to giving the public what it wants. Somehow, big food companies have convinced us that drinking a 32oz soda is a matter of personal liberty, and that the government has no place in regulating how much liquid sugar can be sold in a single container. H．In fact, we know-and they certainly know-that human beings are remarkably bad at judging how much were eating. Food companies use that information to encourage over-consumption, and to target certain consumers who tend to have less disposable income to invest in healthy food poor people, people of color, kids. I． Food is a social justice issue that has disproportionately negative impacts on groups already facing hardship. That should be an issue for every socially conscious person. But when looking at the large number of problems caused not only by our big food industry but by the policies that enable them and our cultural norms that incentivize poor health choices, too many people simply turn "obesity" into the boogeyman(恶巫) . Doctors even blame fatness for all sorts of medical conditions and people dont get proper treatment. Fat women go to the doctor less often for routine cancer screenings, and patients report doctors focusing on their weight and ignoring real medical problems like broken bones and asthma (哮喘). J．On the policy side, promoters of laws that incentivize health or push back on corporate food interests such as Michelle Obarnas Lets Move ! initiative, bans on extra-large sodas, and extra SNAP benefits at farmers markets inevitably target " obesity" in their campaigns. That strategy has the effect of maligning (诽谤) the beauty of certain bodies instead of encouraging everyone to be healthier and countering the enormous influence of big companies. As a result, many people who should be the natural allies of health-promoting initiatives are put off by the shaming fat language. K．"Obesity epidemic" language has also fed into the idea of body size and eating habits as social group. Thinner kale (甘蓝) eating elite liberals in the Northeast are trying to force-feed cabbage to heavier real Americans in the South and Midwest. No one wins with that kind of cultural polarization. L．Yes, lets push back against big food companies and question their outsized influence in Washington and in our daffy lives, and lets focus on making healthy food more widely accessible. Lets realize that the challenges extend beyond just what we eat. Lets fight for the humane (仁爱的) work policies that will make us all healthier. M．But lets do that because public health is all of our concern, not because its culturally easy to point the finger at fat people. Giving every member of a society the chance to be as healthy as possible is a moral good. It saves money and it saves lives. So lets do it the right way and the most effective way without lazily relying on the word "obesity". As a social justice problem, food negatively impact on groups who already have had a difficult life.

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