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[主观题]

Any physical theory is always provisional, in the sense that it is only a hypothesis: you

can never prove in. No matter how many times the results of experiments agree with some theory, you can never be sure that the next time the result will not contradict the theory. On the other hand, you can disprove a theory by finding even a single observation that disagrees with the predictions of the theory. As philosopher of science Karl Popper has emphasized, a good theory is characterized by the fact that it makes a number of predictions that could in principle be disproved or falsified by observation. Each time new experiments are observed to agree with the predictions the theory survives, and our confidence in it is increased; but if ever a new observation is found to disagree, we have to abandon or modify the theory. At least that is what is supposed to happen, but you can always question the competence of the per son who carried out the observation.

In practice, what often happens is that a new theory is devised that is really an extension of the previous theory. For example, very accurate observations of the planet Mercury revealed a small difference between its motion and the predictions of Newton's theory of gravity. Einstein' s general theory of relativity predicted a slightly different motion from Newton's theory. The fact that Einstein's predictions matched what was seen, while New ton's did not, was one of the crucial confirmations of the new theory. However, we still use Newton's theory for all practical purposes because the difference between its predictions and those of general relativity is very small in the situations that we normally deal with. (New ton's theory also has the great advantage that it is much simpler to work with than Einstein' s!)

A good title for this passage is ______.

A．The History of Physical Science

B．Karl Popper's Physical Theory

C．The Philosophy of Science

D．Einstein's Theory of Science

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发布时间：2020-09-27

更多“Any physical theory is always provisional, in the sense that it is only a hypothesis: you”相关的问题

第1题

The term biological clock is applied to the means, which living things 【M1】______adjust th

The term biological clock is applied to the means, which living things 【M1】______

adjust their activity patterns, without any obvious cue, the time of day, or 【M2】______

the month, or the year. They are affected but little, if at all, by drugs,

chemical, or wide temperature differences—factors may alter substantially 【M3】______

the rates of all ordinary processes of the body.

The nature of the biological clocks mechanism is still a mystery. Two 【M4】______

quite different theories have been advanced to account to them. According 【M5】______

to the first of these theories, each individual have evolved, aided by natural

selection, an adaptation to the rhythmic environment. It has now 【M6】______

become independence on the environment. According to this view, the clocks 【M7】______

are not perfect timers. They require regular corrections by the natural light

and tide cycles and the changed lengths of the day throughout the year. 【M8】______

The other theory holds up living things react continuously to their 【M9】______

rhythmic physical environment. The setting of their biological clocks,

therefore, involves a constant adjustment to subtle clocks are potential 【M10】______

perfect timers.

【M1】

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第2题

The James-Lange theory of emotions __________. 查看材料

A.overlooked internal physical reactions

B.exaggerated the function of stimulating events

C.faced a challenge from counter evidence

D.offered a narrow interpretation of emotions

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第3题

Paragraph4__________. A．Itisnotbeneficialforpeopletokeepmentallyactive. B．Inte

Paragraph 4__________.

A．It is not beneficial for people to keep mentally active.

B． Intellectual activity can strengthen people's mental health regardless of their age.

C．Old people should engage in both mental and physical activities.

D．Old people only need to engage in physical activi-ties individually.

E．People with an active mind are more cognitively healthy in their old age.

F．Many experts are putting the theory to work in their own lives.

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第4题

Despite its many useful properties, the use of alcohol has produced some difficult persona

l and social problems. In fact, alcoholism is one of our most troublesome public health situations. It has been estimated that six of every ten adults in the United States use alcoholic beverages, and that one of every fifteen persons who drink becomes an alcoholic. What is it that impels some individuals to drink excessively to become an alcoholic？

The term "alcoholism" is not easy to define. It is generally used to cover a whole range of individual and social problems connected with the use of alcoholic beverages. People whose drinking causes them to become enmeshed in these problems are called "alcoholics".

Modern psychiatric opinion suggests a significant reason for the use and misuse of alcohol. Man has often used alcohol to help him cope with the problems and crises growing out of his continuing struggle to adjust to the demands of his environment. Wherever man lives he is subject to stresses from his physical and social surroundings. He must adjust to changes within himself--growing up, getting old, the effects of disease. He must adjust to changes in his living pattern--to moves from one locality to another, to job changes, to marriage, to the death of loved ones. He must adjust to his social surroundings, to other people--his family, friends, business associates, and neighbors. When he finds himself confronted with overwhelming difficulty in adjusting, he may take to drinking as a way out of his problems.

Some scientists have tried to define the "alcoholic personality"--to discover, if possible, what characteristics are common to alcoholics. This might help to identify people who are likely to become alcoholics. So far, no accurate description of a "typical alcoholic" has emerged. The people who are studied are found to have some traits in common--e, g. , emotional immaturity, preoccupation with self, insecurity, and guilt--but whether these traits existed before they became alcoholics is not known. Moreover, it is possible for people to have any or all of these traits and still not be alcoholics. Some scientists believe that alcoholism may have a physical or biological cause--a defect in the body chemistry or some nutritional deficiency. Another theory is that the craving for alcohol is brought on by its effect on the adrenal glands, which regulate the production of chemical energy in the body.

Studies of drinking and attitudes toward drinking in various cultures indicate that there are significant social factors involved in alcoholism. Some studies suggest that the rate of alcoholism is likely to be low in any group in which customs and attitudes toward drinking are well established.

In summary, no conclusive evidence is yet available on the causes of alcoholism. This is a medical-social problem far too complicated for simple answers. No one area of research can be expected to yield complete information. It will take the combined efforts of physical, psychological, and social scientists to develop the knowledge necessary to deal with this problem.

According to the passage, which of the following statements is true？

A．More than 6% of American adults are alcoholics.

B．60% of Americans drink alcoholic beverages.

C．Less than 7% of American adults who drink are alcoholics.

D．Less than 7% of American adults use alcoholic beverages.

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第5题

Which statement is true？A．Einstein's general theory of relativity will survive any observa

Which statement is true？

A．Einstein's general theory of relativity will survive any observations to be found.

B．The general theory of relativity is not an extention of the theory of gravity.

C．The general theory of relativity may be disproved or falsified.

D．The general theory of relativity has completely replaced the theory of gravity.

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第6题

Headaches ExplainedA headache is a symptom, not a disease. A headache is rarely the sympto

Headaches Explained

A headache is a symptom, not a disease. A headache is rarely the symptom of a serious illness, but severe or frequent headaches can be exhausting and can affect daily life. There are three basic types of headaches: vascular headache, muscle contraction headache, and inflammatory headache.

Vascular headaches

The vascular headache occurs when blood vessels in the head enlarge and press on nerves, causing pain. The most common vascular headache is the migraine(偏头痛). One theory about migraine headaches is that they occur when the blood vessels in the head expand and press on the nerves, causing pain. Another theory is that they result from the blood vessels constricting and thus blocking blood flow to parts of the brain; this may cause the visual suffering that often accompany or precede a migraine headache. The blood vessels then become full of blood and press on surrounding nerves, causing pain.

Women are more easy to suffer migraines than are men, and a certain personality type compulsive, perfectionist, and very success oriented seems to be more likely to be affected with migraine headaches.

Causes

A number of physical and emotional factors may contribute to migraine headaches. Migraines may be triggered by a sharp reduction in caffeine intake or by allergies to certain foods. Emotional stress can also cause migraine headaches, as can drinking alcohol, smoking, or an interruption in routine eating and sleeping habits (all of which may be responsible for "weekend" headaches suffered by some patients). Cyclical, seasonal, or emotional factors may also be associated with the tendency to develop migraine headaches. A tendency to develop this type of headache may be inherited.

Symptoms

The predominant symptom of a migraine headache is a sharp pain on one or both sides of the head. Paleness, sweating, and sensitivity to light may accompany the pain. A warning sensation may indicate an approaching migraine headache. Before the pain begins, some individuals may see flashing lights or "shooting stars", hear noises, or have an uncomfortable feeling in the arms or legs.

Diagnosis

Vascular headaches are diagnosed by a careful review of the circumstances surrounding the headaches as well as by a physical examination to rule out any other disorder that might be causing the symptoms. Elimination tests may be done to identify the exact cause of migraines suffered by people who seem to react to certain foods or changes in eating and sleeping habits. In an elimination test, all the substances that are suspected of causing the trouble are eliminated and then reintroduced one at a time to identify the specific cause of the migraine headaches.

Treatment

Treatment of a migraine already in progress usually consists of a drug therapy program chosen from a variety of painkillers, tranquilizers, and special prescribed medications.

Prevention

Prevention of migraines is possible with several types of medication. Antidepressant drugs and beta-blockers have been shown to prevent migraines in some patients. These drugs work in the body to block what are called the beta effects, one of which is expansion of the blood vessels. While it is not yet known exactly how these drugs provide relief research suggests that they act by preventing the initial constriction of blood vessels that causes migraine.

Muscle Contraction Headaches

A muscle contraction headache occurs when muscles of the face, neck, or scalp remain tightened for long periods of time. These muscles are then said to be in spasm(痉挛). A tension headache is an example of a muscle contraction headache.

Causes

A muscle contraction headache usually occurs after a specific event that has caused the muscles to tense. The tension is then translated into physical discomfort in the form. of a clenched jaw, aching neck,

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第7题

A．Because they do not have any motivation to work.B．Because they are not very self-con

A．Because they do not have any motivation to work.

B．Because they are not very self-confident.

C．Because they are too young or too old to work.

D．Because they have physical and family problems.

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第8题

Some professional translation take considerable pride in denying that they have any theory of transl

ation—--they just translate. In reality, however, all person engaged in the complex task of translating posses some type of underlying or covert theory, even though it may be still very embryonic and described only as just being “faithful to what the author was trying to say.”(Nida )

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第9题

According to the theory of______, literature must be true to life and exactly reproduces r

eal life, including all its details without any selection.

A．Realism

B．Romanticism

C．Naturalism

D．Aestheticism

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第10题

任何利率的期限结构理论应符合哪些主要经验规律？纯预期理论和流动性偏好理论是如何和经验事实保

持一致的？ What are the major empirical regularities that any theory of the term structure of interest rates should be consistent with？How do the pure expectations theory and the liquidity preference theory square with these empirical facts？

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