complete medium；minimal medium

ts of buying and selling, without requiring the seller to purchase goods from the person who buys his products, or vice versa. Hence products who know they will be paid in money, can concentrate on finding the most suitable outlet for their goods, while buyers who will pay in money, can concentrate on finding the cheapest market for the things they wish to purchase. Specialization, which is vital to an advanced economy, is encouraged, because people whose output is not a complete product but only a part of One in which many others are involved can be paid an amount equivalent to their share of the product.

Another advantage of money is that it is a measure of value--that is, it serves as a unit in terms of which the relative values of different products can be expressed. In a barter economy it would be necessary to determine how many plates were worth one hundred weight of cotton, or how many pens should be exchanged for a ton of coal, which would be a difficult and time-consuming task. The process of establishing relative values would have to be undertaken for every act of exchange, according to what products were being offered against one another, and according to the two parties' desires and preferences. If I am trying to barter fish for bananas, for example, a lot would depend on whether the person willing to exchange bananas is or is not keen on fish. Thirdly, money acts as a store of wealth. It is difficult to imagine saving under a barter system. No one engaged in only one stage in the manufacture of product could save part of his output, since he would be producing nothing complete. Even when a person actually produced a complete product the difficulties would be overwhelming. Most products deteriorate fairly rapidly, either physically or in value, as a result of long storage; even if storage were possible, the practice of storing products for years on end would involve obvious disadvantages--imagine a coal-miner attempting to save enough coal, which of course is his product, to keep him for life. If wealth could not be saved, or only with great difficulty, future needs could not be provided for, or capital accumulated to raise productivity.

Using money as a medium of exchange means that _________.

A．you have to sell something in order to buy something

B．you have to buy something in order to sell something

C．you don't have to buy something in order to sell something

D．the seller and the purchaser are the same person

ts of buying and selling, without requiring the seller to purchase goods from the person who buys his products, or vice versa. Hence producers who know they will be paid in money, can concentrate on finding the most suitable outlet for their goods, while buyers who will pay in money, can concentrate on finding cheapest market for the things they wish to purchase. Specialization, which is vital to an advanced economy, is encouraged, because people whose output is not a complete product but only a part of one in which many others are involved can be paid an amount equivalent to their share of the product.

Another advantage of money is that it is a measure of value, that is, it serves as a unit in terms of which the relative values of different products can be expressed. In a barter economy it would be necessary to determine how many plates were worth one hundred weight of cotton, or how many pens should be exchanged for a ton of coal, which would be a difficult and time-consuming task. The process of establishing relative values would have to be undertaken for every act of exchange, according to what products were being offered against one another, and according to the two parties'desires and preferences. If I am trying to barter fish bananas, for example, a lot would depend on whether the person willing to barter fish for bananas, for example, a lot would depend on whether the person willing to exchange bananas is or not keen on fish.

Thirdly, money acts as a store of wealth. It is difficult to imagine saving under a barter system. No one engaged on only one stage in the manufacture of a person could save part of his output, since he would be producing nothing complete. Even when a person actually produced a complete product the difficulties would be overwhelming. Most products deteriorate fairly rapidly, either physically or in value, as a result of long storage; even if storage were possible, the practice of storing products for years on would involve obvious disadvantages-imagine a coal-miner attempting to save enough coal, which of course is his product, to keep him for life. If wealth could not be saved, or only with great difficulty, future needs could not be provided for, or capital accumulated to raise productivity.

Using money as a medium of exchange means that______.

A．you have to sell something in order to buy something

B．you have to buy something in order to sell something

C．you don't have to buy something in order to sell something

D．the seller and the purchaser are the same person

no more nor less than the tool of both of these aspects of human nature. A word is either the shadow of an act or of an idea. Verbal sounds have no meaning themselves. They【M1】______ are the channels, the medium for the expression or communication of【M2】______ that which lay outside of themselves. Plato has made clear to us how【M3】______ easy it is to deceive ourselves with words, to labor under an impression that just because we can utter a sound we also necessarily know that we are talking about Words may be empty vessels and pour out【M4】______ no more than hollow sounds. We find it simple to define some words and extremely difficult to define others words. The reason is that the【M5】______ definition of a word is the experience of records. Hence the definiteness【M6】______ of a definition of a word is in proportion at the vividness of the【M7】______ experience, its meaning. We readily define chair because of our frequent experience with the object which the sound is a symbol.【M8】______ We define it in terms of our experience like an object to sit ia But a【M9】______ definition of terms like "truth", or "virtue", or "honesty", or "beauty" is a most severe trial because of the haziness or complete lack for【M10】______ experiences of this nature. What, then, is the source of the meaning of words？ What is the relationship between words, things, and actions？

【M1】

hree basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system and the traditional system.

In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the market place. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market, transactions may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes, and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not al ways be an easy task. Hence, the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases trans actions considerably. In the modem market economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money.

An alternative to the market system is administrative control by some agency over all trans actions. This agency will issue edicts or commands as to. how much of each goods and services should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan, drawn up by the government, shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy.

In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition: parentage, religion, and custom fix every person's place within the economic system. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group or caste may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone, progress may be difficult to achieve. A stagnant society may result.

What is the main purpose of the passage？

A．To outline contrasting types of economic systems.

B．To explain the science of economics.

C．To argue for the superiority of one economics systems.

D．To compare barter and money-exchange markets.

hree basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system and the traditional sys tem.

In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the market place. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market, transactions may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes, and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence, the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. In the modern mar ket economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money.

An alternative to the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue edicts or commands as to how much of each goods and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of ad ministering such an economy. The central plan, drawn up by the government, Shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy.

In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition: parent age, religion, and custom fix every person' s place within the economic system. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group or caste may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone, progress may be difficult to achieve. A stagnant society may result.

What is the main purpose of the passage？

A．To outline contrasting types of economic systems.

B．To explain the science of economics.

C．To argue for the superiority of one economic system.

D．To compare barter and money-exchange markets.

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.

In a world increasingly fearsome and fragile, TV commercials present an oasis (绿洲) of calm and comfort. For six minutes in every hour, viewers know that they will be drifted away from this cruel world into an idealized well-ordered land. You and I may experience real life as largely tired and chaotic but in the world of the TV commercials happy families may be seen to gather at breakfast time for convivial (欢乐的) bowls of cornflakes, their teeth free of decay, their hair innocent of dandruff, their shirt whiter than snow.

TV advertising in Britain, obsessed (困扰) with the symbol of the good life, exploits a strong desire for evidence of old fashioned security. Things were better in the old days: bread was crusty and beer was a man's drink. But in selling the idea of a better life, it strikes me that most British commercials fail in their primary function. I cannot be alone among those who usually remember everything about TV advertising except the product it is designed to publicize.

In other superb commercial, a distinguished-looking Italian butler drives a car headlong into a vast dining-hall to serve champagne~ What on earth was it selling？ The champagne？ The car？ What car？ Search me. Viewers reveled in the medium and forgot the message. American advertisers don't make such mistakes. A typical US commercial features a woman in a kitchen holding a highly visible bottle of something or other and selling it hard. No art, no craft, just the message. America sells the steak, while Britain sells the sizzle.

A nation needs symbols. We need proof that lovely things still endure, like a team of shire horses criss-crossing the landscape at sundown. We want to be reminded that they still exist, that we may still come across pockets of reason and beauty in a world less sensible and less beautiful each day. TV commercials provide us with those symbols. They provide a link with the way we like to think we were. They help us to keep in touch with lost innocence.

According to the passage, what is the main function of TV commercials？

培养基(medium，or culture medium)