Other health effects may show up either years after exposure has occurred or only a

nvironment is their health. This is【B1】understandable, for health is obviously【B2】to illness. What makes today's concern【B3】health slightly surprising is that Americans are【B4】healthier now than they. have ever been. Many diseases that once【B5】terror into hearts have either been completely【B6】or brought under control. Although AIDS is a notable【B7】, few new mass killers have come out to【B8】the ones that have been eliminated.【B9】, health—and the various threats to it—remains everyone's【B10】concern. After all, more than half of us(57 percent) will die from either heart disease or cancer, if current【B11】continues.

One major problem with any【B12】of health risks—especially life-threatening ones is that they【B13】enormously in their immediacy. For instance, AIDS If you get it—will probably be【B14】after a number of years. Cancer induced by smoking or【B15】to radiation, on the other hand, may take 20 to 30 years【B16】its fatal effects show【B17】. In making choices about health risks,【B18】, it is important to bear in【B19】the likely time lag between taking a risk and【B20】its consequences.

【B1】

A．entirely

B．chiefly

C．exclusively

D．mostly

know that indoor air pollution can also【67】health significantly. Environmental Protection Agency studies【68】that indoor levels of pollutants may be 2-5 times, and【69】more than 100 times, higher than outdoor levels.

There are many sources of indoor air pollution in any【70】. These include combustion (燃烧) sources, products for home cleaning and【71】, personal care, or hobbies; central heating and cooling systems and humidification【72】; and outdoor air pollution.

【73】effects may show up after a single exposure or【74】exposures. These include irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, headaches, dizziness, and【75】. Such effects are usually short-term and【76】. Sometimes the treatment is simply【77】the person's exposure to the source of the pollution,【78】it can be identified.【79】of some diseases may also show up soon after exposure to some indoor air pollutants.

Certain effects are similar to those from colds or other viral (病毒引起的) diseases,【80】it is often difficult to【81】if the symptoms are a result of exposure to indoor air pollution.【82】this reason, it is important to pay attention to the time and place the symptoms【83】. If the symptoms fade or go away when a person is away from home and return when the person returns,【84】should be made to identify indoor air sources that may be possible【85】. Some effects may be made worse by an【86】supply of outdoor air or from the heating, cooling, or humidity conditions prevalent in the home.

(68)

A．lessen

B．decline

C．effect

D．affect

Cigars Instead

Smoking one or two cigars a day doubles the risk of cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth, and throat, according to a government study.

Daily cigars also increase the risk of lung cancer and cancer of the esophagus, and increase the risk of cancer of the larynx (voice box) six fold , say researchers at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland.

In addition, the report revealed that smoking three or four cigars a day increased the risk of oral cancer to 8 times the risk for nonsmokers and the risk of esophageal cancer by four times the risk of nonsmokers.

The health effects of smoking cigars is one of eight sections of the article "Cigars: Health Effects and Trends". The researchers report that, compared with a cigarette, a large cigar emits up to 90 times as much carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines.

"This article provides clear and invalidating information about the disturbing increases in cigar use and the significant public health consequences for the country. " said Dr. Richard Riausner, director of the National Cancer Institute, in a statement.

"The data are clear—the harmful substances and carcinogens in cigar smoke, like cigarettes, are associated with the increased risks of several kinds of cancers as well as heart and lung diseases. " he added. "In other words, cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes and may be addictive. "

"To those individuals who may be thinking about smoking cigars, our advice is—don't. Tothose currently smoking cigars, quitting is the only way to eliminate completely the cancer, heart and lung disease risks. " warned Klausner.

According to a National Cancer Institute press releases , there haven't been any studies on the health effects on nonsmokers at cigar social events, but "'"a significant body of evidence clearly demonstrates an increased lung cancer risk from secondhand smoke. "

According to the report, smoking three or four cigars a day______.

A．increases the risk of oral cancer for non-smokers.

B．greatly increases the risk of oral cancer for smokers.

C．increases the risk of more than one cancer for non-smokers.

D．greatly increases the risk of more than one cancer for smokers.

Food and Health

The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health. Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat, it has at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to the diet as well, especially cancer of the colon (结肠). Different cultures are more likely to develop certain illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates (硝酸盐)commonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food additives, accused cancer. Yet, these additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin(青霉素) to beef and poultry(家禽),and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cows. Sometimes similar drags are administered to animals not for medicinal purposes, hut for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.

As a result of scientific intervention (介入) ,some harmful substances have been added to our food.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

lems. It says ninny more are suffering from lack of sleep.

A group of sleep research organizations asked the Institute of Medicine to study the problem. The institute is part of America's National Academy of Sciences. The study examined why we need sleep, the effects of sleep loss and other sleep dimmers. A fourteen-member committee carried out the study. The Institute of Medicine reported their findings earlier this month. The report says American businesses lose more than 100,000 million dollars a year because of tired workers. Some employees are too tired to report for work. They have accidents or are less productive at work. Other costs included increased visits to doctors.

Many experts say a good amount of sleep is as important to health as diet end exercise. They say most people need 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night. Less than that can interfere with mental and physical abilities. It can lead to more serious problems, including severe sleeplessness.

Researchers involved in the study axe suggesting a number of steps to help prevent sleep disorders. They suggest a campaign to inform. the public about the problem. They want increased education and training among health care workers. And they are calling for new technology to identify and care sleep problems.

Which of the following problems was not mentioned in the study？

(30)

A．The reason that people need sleep.

B．The results of sleep loss.

C．The effects of oversleeping.

D．Different kinds of sleep disorders.

ps to combat (fight against) heart disease. Red wine provides protection against heart disease because it improves antioxidant(抗氧) activity in the blood. And the red wine is ten to twenty times more powerful in providing antioxidant protection than human blood itself.

To test the idea, twelve university students offered their help to medical science and sat down to a meal washed down with three large glasses of Bordeaux. Four hours later, the scientists found that the red wine was still at work in their veins providing significant protection against the effects of cholesterol (胆固醇).

Simon Maxwell is careful not to recommend wine drinking for health reasons, because of the other undesirable effects of alcohol. He hopes that tile research may enable scientists to isolate the elements which have good effects so that they can be provided, perhaps as tablets, with no damaging effect on the liver or brain.

The news is not so good for those who prefer other drinks. White wine is only five to ten times as effective as blood in resisting oxidization and beer is even less effective.

It was the fact that French eat as much cholesterol as the British but have a quarter of the amounts of heart disease which made the research.

Which drink is the least effective to provide antioxidant protection？

A．White wine.

B．Beer.

C．The mixture of beer and red wine.

D．Red wine.

请根据短文内容，回答题。

Cigars Instead？

Smoking one or two cigars a day doubles the risk of cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth, and throat, according to a government study.

Daily cigars also increase the risk of lung cancer and cancer of the esophagus, and increase the risk of cancer of the larynx (voice-box) six-fold, say researchers at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland.

In addition, the report revealed that smoking three or four cigars a day increased the risk of oral cancer to 8.5 times the risk for nonsmokers and the risk of esophageal cancer by four times the risk of nonsmokers.

The health effects of smoking cigars is one of eight sections of the article "Cigars: Health Effects and Trends." The researchers report that, compared with a cigarette, a large cigar emits up to 90 times as much carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines.

"This article provides clear and invaluable information about the disturbing increase in cigar use and the significant public health consequences for the country," said Dr. Richard Klausner,director of the National Cancer Institute, in a statement.

"The data are clear -- the harmful substances and carcinogens in cigar smoke, like cigarettes, are associated with the increased risks of several kinds of cancers as well as heart and lung diseases," he added. "In other words, cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes and may be addictive."

"To those individuals who may be thinking about smoking cigars, our advice is -- don&39;t. To those currently smoking cigars, quitting is the only way to eliminate completely the cancer, heart and lung disease risks," warned Klausner.

According to National Cancer Institute press release, there haven&39;t been any studies on the health effects on nonsmokers at cigar social events, but "...a significant body of evidence clearly demonstrates and increased lung cancer risk from secondhand smoke."

According to the report， smoking three or four cigars a day __________. 查看材料

A.increases the risk of oral cancer for non-smokers

B.greatly increases the risk of oral cancer for smokers

C.increases the risk of more than one cancer for non-smokers

D.greatly increases the risk of more than one cancer for smokers

Cigars Instead？

Smoking one or two cigars a day doubles the risk of cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth, and throat, according to a government study.

Daily cigars also increase the risk of lung cancer and cancer of the esophagus, and increase the risk of cancer of the larynx (voicebox) sixfold, say researchers at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland.

In addition, the report revealed that smoking three or four cigars a day increased the risk of oral cancer to 8.5 times the risk for nonsmokers and the risk of esophageal cancer by four times the risk of nonsmokers.

The health effects of smoking cigars is one of eight sections of the article "Cigars: Health Effects and Trends". The researchers report that, compared with a cigarette, a large cigar emits up to 90 times as much carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines.

"This article provides clear and invaluable information about the disturbing increase in cigar use and the significant public health consequences for the country," said Dr. Richard Klausner, director of the National Cancer Institute, in a statement.

"The data are clear — the harmful substances and carcinogens in cigar smoke, like cigarettes, are associated with the increased risks of several kinds of cancers as well as heart and lung diseases," he added. "In other words, cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes and may be addictive."

"To those individuals who may be thinking about smoking cigars, our advice is — don't. To those currently smoking cigars, quitting is the only way to eliminate completely the cancer, heart and lung disease risks," warned Klausner.

According to a National Cancer Institute press release, there haven't been any studies on the health effects on nonsmokers at cigar social events, but "... a significant body of evidence clearly demonstrates an increased lung cancer risk from secondhand smoke."

According to the report, smoking three or four cigars a day

A．increases the risk of oral cancer for non-smokers.

B．greatly increases the risk of oral cancer for smokers.

C．increases the risk of more than one cancer for non-smokers.

D．greatly increases the risk of more than one cancer for smokers.

women to give birth to small babies. There also is evidence that some coffee drinkers get headaches when they are denied coffee (47) . Drinks with caffeine make brain cells more active.

Now, a new American study demonstrates what may be a good effect connected to drinking coffee. It found a link between drinking coffee and a decrease in the risk of gallbladder disease in men. The findings are reported in The Journal of the American Medical Association.

The gallbladder is an organ in the body that stores bile. (48) . Someone with gallbladder disease may experience severe pain in the stomach after eating fatty foods. Cholesterol in the bile can form. painful gallstones. Lack of physical activity and being overweight are the two main causes of gallstone disease.

Researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, Massachusetts organized the study. They say coffee has several effects that could reduce the risk of gallstone formation (49) . The new study involved 46,000 men. The men were all doctors or health care specialists between the ages of 40 and 75 years old. None of them bad a history of gallbladder disease.

(50) . The researchers found that more than 1,000 of the men reported having gallstone disease. More than 80 percent of those men required an operation to remove the gallbladder.

A. For years, scientists have argued about the health effects of drinking coffee

B. Bile helps the body break down fat in food

C. Doctors have found a method to cure the disease

D. The men were observed for 10 years

E. That is because coffee contain caffeine

F. Earlier studies had offered conflicting results, however

(46)

阅读材料，回答题：

Cigars Instead？

Smoking one or two cigars a day doubles the risk of cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth, and

throat, according to a government study.

Daily cigars also increase the risk of lung cancer and cancer of the esophagus, and increase the risk of cancer of the larynx (voice box) sixfold, say researchers at the National Cancer Institu- te in Bethesda, Maryland.

In addition, the report revealed that smoking three or four cigars a day increased the risk of oral cancer to 8.5 times the risk for nonsmokers and the risk of esophageal cancer by four times the risk of nonsmokers.

The health effects of smoking cigars is one of eight sections of the article "Cigars: Health Effects and Trends". The researchers report that, compared with a cigarette, a large cigar emits up to 90 times as much carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines.

"This article provides clear and invaluable information about the disturbing increase in cigar use and the significant public health consequences for the country," said Dr. Richard Klausner, director of the National Cancer Institute, in a statement.

"The data are clear--the harmful substances and carcinogens in cigar smoke, like ciga- rettes, are associated with the increased risks of several kinds of cancers as well as heart and lung diseases," he added. " In other words, cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes and may be addictive. "

"To those individuals who may be thinking about smoking cigars, our advice is don&39;t. To those currently smoking cigars, quitting is the only way to eliminate completely the cancer, heart and lung disease risks," warned Klausner.

According to a National Cancer Institute press release, there haven&39;t been any studies on the health effects on nonsmokers at cigar social events, but "... a significant body of evidence clearly demonstrates an increased lung cancer risk from secondhand smoke. "

According to the report， smoking three or four cigars a day 查看材料

A.increases the risk of oral cancer for non-smokers

B. greatly increases the risk of oral cancer for smokers

C.increases the risk of more than one cancer for non-smokers

D.greatly increases the risk of more than one cancer for smokers