Paragraph 4______。

Paragraph 4______

A Threat Posed by English

B Definition of a Speech Community

C Benefits of Learning a Second Language

D Advantages of Learning Chinese.

E Two Groups of the English Speech Community

F A Widely Used Language

？？Old Man Myths and Realities？？

？？ l. Whendoes a middle-aged man become an old man？ Officially,of course,it&39;s when wereach retirement age. But,as we all know, this is a fairly blun？？？？？？t(生硬的)method of decisionmaking. As life expectancy(预期寿命)increases,retirement planning needs to be changed. This is becausebeing an old man today is very different from what it was a generation or soago.？？？？？？

？？ 2.Sixty-five is the new middle-aged man. These days people are talking about theyoung-old,that is ages 70-75,and those over 75 as the old-old. The young-oldfrequently continue in good health and maintain strong links with friends andfamily. The old-old have a much higher chance of poor health and socialisolation.？？

？？ 3.Although men are living longer, there are still more old women than old men.This fact alone should arouse interest as to why. Relatively little.is actuallyknown about why this is the case or about the experiences of the old man. Sure,we are aware that the old man experiences anxiety, financialproblems,loneliness,etc, but that&39;s really about all we know.？？

？？ 4. Itis usually believed that the old man often complains about their health. Infact, most old man think their health is good even though most are diagnosedwith at least one chronic illness. The physi- cal health of the old man isstrongly affected by their health behavior. when they were younger.

？？Paragraph 1_____？？？？？？

？？Paragraph 2______

？？

？？Paragraph 3______？？

？？Paragraph 4______？？

？？Nowadays men generally live longer than______？？

？？A man in his mid-60s is now regarded as________？？

？？More research should be done on the experiences of________？？

？？Most old men consider themselves to be___________？？

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Intelligent Machines

1．Medical scientists are already putting computer chips(芯片)directly into the brain to help people who have Parkinson&39;s disease，but in what other ways might computer technology be able to help us？ RayKurzweil is author of the successful book The Age of Intelligent Machines and is one of the world&39;s best computer research scientists．He is researching the possibilities．

2．Kurzweil gets computers to recognize voices．An example of this is Ramona，the virtual(虚拟的) hostess of Kurzweil&39;s homepage，who is programmed to understand what you say．Visitors to the site can have their conversations with her，and Ramona also dances and sings．

3．Kurzweil uses this technology to help people with physical disabilities．One of his ideas is a“seeing machine”．This will be“like a friend that could describe what is going on in the visible world”，he explains．Blind people will use a visual sensor(探测器)which will probably be built into a pair of sunglasses．This sensor will describe to the person everything it sees．

4．Another idea，which is likely to help deaf people，is the“listening machine”．This invention will recognize millions of words and understand any speaker．The listening machine will also be able to translate into other languages，80 even people without hearing problems are likely to be interested in using it．

5．But it is not just about helping people with disabilities．Looking further into the future，Kurzweil sees a time when we will be able to download our entire consciousness onto a computer．This technology probably won&39;t be ready for at least 50 years，but when it arrives，it means our minds will be able to live forever．

Paragraph 2______

A．A new pair of eyes B．Computers that can communicate C．Everlasting consciousness on a computer D．Time to break off a friendship E．An author and researcher F．A new pair of ears

Paragraph 3______

A．A new pair of eyes B．Computers that can communicate C．Everlasting consciousness on a computer D．Time to break off a friendship E．An author and researcher F．A new pair of ears

Paragraph 4______

A．A new pair of eyes B．Computers that can communicate C．Everlasting consciousness on a computer D．Time to break off a friendship E．An author and researcher F．A new pair of ears

Paragraph 5______

A．A new pair of eyes B．Computers that can communicate C．Everlasting consciousness on a computer D．Time to break off a friendship E．An author and researcher F．A new pair of ears

Ray Kurzweil works with computers to help people______．

A．what you say B．a pair of sunglasses C．the listening machine D．a visual sensor E．who have disabilities F．living forever in a computer

Ramona is able to understand______．

A．what you say B．a pair of sunglasses C．the listening machine D．a visual sensor E．who have disabilities F．living forever in a computer

Blind people will be able to see the world with______．

A．what you say B．a pair of sunglasses C．the listening machine D．a visual sensor E．who have disabilities F．living forever in a computer

People without hearing problems may also be interested in using______．

A．what you say B．a pair of sunglasses C．the listening machine D．a visual sensor E．who have disabilities F．living forever in a computer

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Cell Phones

1．Believe it or not，cell phones have been around for over a quarter of a century．The first commercial cell phone system was developed by the Japanese in 1979，but cell phones have changed a lot since that time．The early cell phones were big and heavy but they have developed into small and light palm sized models．There have been huge developments in their functions，too：we have had call forwarding，text messaging，answering services and hands-free use for years，but now there are countless new facilities，such as instant access to the Internet and receiving and sending photos．

2．Cell phones have become very common in our lives：recent statistics suggest as many as one in three people on the planet now have a cell phone，and most of them say they couldn&39;t live without one． Cell phones are used in every area of our lives and have become a necessary tool，used for essential arrangements，social contact and business．They have made it easier to call for help on the highway．They have made it possible to keep in touch with people“on the move”-when people are traveling．

3．Cell phones have made communication easier and have reduced the need for family arguments!We can use cell phones to let our family know we&39;ll be late or if there&39;s a sudden change of plan or an emergency．Cell phones have eased the worries of millions of parents when their teenagers are out late：they can now contact their children at any time．

4．This does not mean that cell phones are all good news．They have brought with them a number of new headaches for their owners：it costs a lot to replace stolen phones，something that is becoming a frequent occurrence，and have you ever seen such huge phone bills？More serious，however，is the potential health problem they bring：there are fears that radiation from the phones may cause brain tumor(肿瘤)． This may be a time bomb waiting to happen to younger people who have grown up with cell phones that they simply can&39;t live without!

Paragraph 1______

A．Cell phones and the family B．Commercial cell phone systems C．Cell phones in everyday life D．Cell phones for teenagers E．History of cell phones F．Problems with cell phones

Paragraph 2______

A．Cell phones and the family B．Commercial cell phone systems C．Cell phones in everyday life D．Cell phones for teenagers E．History of cell phones F．Problems with cell phones

Paragraph 3______

A．Cell phones and the family B．Commercial cell phone systems C．Cell phones in everyday life D．Cell phones for teenagers E．History of cell phones F．Problems with cell phones

Paragraph 4______

A．Cell phones and the family B．Commercial cell phone systems C．Cell phones in everyday life D．Cell phones for teenagers E．History of cell phones F．Problems with cell phones

Nowadays cell phones are equipped with______．

A．a necessity B．an emergency C．a number of new headaches D．family arguments E．big and light palm-sized models F．countless new facilities

Cell phones are common in our lives and have become______．

A．a necessity B．an emergency C．a number of new headaches D．family arguments E．big and light palm-sized models F．countless new facilities

We can use cell phones to communicate with othors when we encounter______．

A．a necessity B．an emergency C．a number of new headaches D．family arguments E．big and light palm-sized models F．countless new facilities

In spite of many benefits，cell phones have brought for their owners______．

A．a necessity B．an emergency C．a number of new headaches D．family arguments E．big and light palm-sized models F．countless new facilities

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Operatunity

1.Operatunity is a TV talent show for amateur opera singers. The winners get the chance to sing with the English National Opera. When two housewives， Denise Leigh and Jane Gilchrist won in 2002， their lives changed forever， As they sang Verdi？s Rigoletto at the Coliseum（音乐厅） in Rome， they were transformed from working mothers into opera celebrities（名人）。

2.“I live in the village I was born in，” says Denise， who is blind. “Lots of my neighbours are family， and my life is all about my three children.- Jane， who worked as a cleaner and a shop assistant， was in a similar situation. She says， ”AII l had to look forward to was seeing my four children grow up， and I love that， but .…… you think ？there must be more to life？。 Winning Operatunity has opened up avenues I never knew existed.“ .

3.“This last year has been amazing，” Denise continues. “Last month was Paris， before that we were recording at Abbey Road， in London， and. recently we had our album launch at the Royal Opera House.。 ”We？ve been treated like princesses，“ laughs Jane. ”。……champagne， chocolates， five-star hotels .……“

4.But it wasn？t all so easy. For Denise， the worst part was waiting at the beginning. “After l’d sent in my application form. I worried for a month. Then I had to wait ten days after my first audition（试唱）。 That was awful.” Even when they won the competition they were allowed to tell their close family but they weren？t allowed to tell anyone else until later. Denise and Jane also found the travelling difficult. They couldn/t take their children

with them while they were away singing .so they had to organise childcare. However， there’s 6 been no problem with the physical side of singing： “We didn？t have to worry about

that as we’ve had lots of help and wonderful voice training，“ says Jane. They also had to learn to deal with the media.- ”The kids loved the fact that they could stay up and watch us on TV， but ljust couldn？t understand why some newspapers were more interested in the fact I divorced at 21， rather than the fact I had just sung at the Coliseum， says Denise.

Paragraph 1______

A.Advice

B.Living the new life

C.The competition

D.Becoming famous

E.Their lives before

F.The difficult parts

Paragraph 2______

A.AdviceB.Living the new lifeC.The competitionD.Becoming famousE.Their lives before F.The difficult parts

Paragraph 3______

A.AdviceB.Living the new lifeC.The competitionD.Becoming famousE.Their lives before F.The difficult parts

Paragraph 4______

A.AdviceB.Living the new lifeC.The competitionD.Becoming famousE.Their lives before F.The difficult parts

Operatunity may help ordinary people to______.

A.help others out

B.take care of their children

C.deal with the media

D.raise their children

E.realize their dreams

F.see the world

Before becoming famous, Denise and Jane worked in order to______.

A.help others outB.take care of their childrenC.deal with the mediaD.raise their children E.realize their dreamsF.see the world

While traveling, Denise and Jane had to ask someone to______.

A.help others outB.take care of their childrenC.deal with the mediaD.raise their children E.realize their dreamsF.see the world

Being celebrities, Denise and Jane had to learn to______.

A.help others outB.take care of their childrenC.deal with the mediaD.raise their children E.realize their dreamsF.see the world

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Waste Not，Want Not

1．Bob and Clara Darlington，who own and run a farm in the North of England，have always looked for new ways of making money out of the produce they grow．Their success began when they established a shop on their farm，so that people could come and buy fresh vegetables directly from them．

2．The business was an immediate Success，and soon scored top marks in a competition set up by the Farm Retail Association to find the best farm shop in the country．The Association&39;s inspectors found the Darlingtons&39; shop offered excellent service and value for money as well as quality fruit and vegetables．

3．Clara Darlington is a trained chef and，in addition to a range of home-grown foods and other local produce，she began offering a variety of prepared meals which she had made herself in the farmhouse kitchen．A small care alongside the farm shop was soon added，with everything that visitors could taste on the menu also being for sale in the shop．

4．Clara admits that starting the business was expensive，and she has worked very hard，but maintains that if the product is good，the public recognize this and buy jt．“I aim to offer the highest quality to our customers，whether they come in for a loaf of bread，or take a whole dinner-party menu．I take it as a compliment(恭维) if people take home one of my dishes to serve to their family and friends and get away with pretending they made it themselves．”

5．So it was that the couple realized that they had a surplus of misshapen or damaged vegetables grown on the farm which were unsuitable for selling in the shop．Clara，not wishing to see them get thrown away，decided to turn them into soup．

6．The soup met with the immediate approval of customers to the shop and Clara now produces ten different varieties．She spent much of the summer traveling up and down to London by rail，doing presentations of the soups．As a result，they are now served in first-class railway restaurant cars belonging to three companies as well as being stocked by a number of high-class London stores．

Paragraph 2______

A．Time well spent is rewarded B．Professional recognition is obtained C．A necessary alternative to farming D．Professional skills are exploited E．Continuing investment in high standards F．Ensuring that nothing gets wasted

Paragraph 3______

A．Time well spent is rewarded B．Professional recognition is obtained C．A necessary alternative to farming D．Professional skills are exploited E．Continuing investment in high standards F．Ensuring that nothing gets wasted

Paragraph 4______

A．Time well spent is rewarded B．Professional recognition is obtained C．A necessary alternative to farming D．Professional skills are exploited E．Continuing investment in high standards F．Ensuring that nothing gets wasted

Paragraph 5______

A．Time well spent is rewarded B．Professional recognition is obtained C．A necessary alternative to farming D．Professional skills are exploited E．Continuing investment in high standards F．Ensuring that nothing gets wasted

Bob and Clara Darlington established a shop to______．

A．sell fresh vegetables B．sell as much as possible C．offer a variety of prepared meals D．turn them into soup E．fill a gap in the market F．promote her soups

Apart from quality fruit and vegetables，the couple______．

A．sell fresh vegetables B．sell as much as possible C．offer a variety of prepared meals D．turn them into soup E．fill a gap in the market F．promote her soups

Instead of throwing the damaged vegetables away，the couple______．

A．sell fresh vegetables B．sell as much as possible C．offer a variety of prepared meals D．turn them into soup E．fill a gap in the market F．promote her soups

Clara spent much of the summer going to London to______．

A．sell fresh vegetables B．sell as much as possible C．offer a variety of prepared meals D．turn them into soup E．fill a gap in the market F．promote her soups

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Are You a Successful Leader？

1. Almost nothing we do in this word is done in isolation. At work or at play, you’ll find yourself in groups, working with other people: your team at work, a meeting with colleagues, your family, a holiday with friends, a group of students working together, a day out walking in the mountains, a group of neighbors wanting to make changes. It is now recognized that being able to work successfully with other people is one of the major keys to success. Partly because we need to do it so often.

2. In almost every situation where you’re in a group, you will need a skilled leader. All groups need leaders and all successful groups have good leaders. Groups without leaders or with weak leaders almost always break down. Members of a leaderless group often begin to feel dissatisfied and frustrated. Time is wasted and the tasks are not achieved. There are often arguments and tensions between people as there is nobody to keep the goals clear. Some personalities dominate and other disappears. Often group members begin not to come to meetings in order to avoid more disharmony.

3. Some people are natural leaders. The celebrity chef, Antonio Carlucci says, “True leaders a re born and you can spot them in kitchens.” They’re people who combine toughness, fairness and humour. Although a lot of people agree that there are some natural –born leaders, most people now recognize that leadership can also be taught. Our professional and experienced staff can train almost anyone how to be a successful leader. Good leaders don’t make people do things in a bossy, controlling way. You can learn how to involve everyone, encouraging the whole group to work towards a common goal

4. Our training courses use activities and techniques to develop a range of qualities which are necessary to be a good leader. Self-confidence is vital and being able to overcome your own fears about being a leader. Successful leaders also need to be calm and intelligent. They need to be able to work out good strategies and make sound judgments under pressure. Lastly, and probably most importantly, good leaders need to be sensitive, sociable and be able to get on with a wide range of people. Good leadership is essentially the ability to influence others and good leaders allow all members of the group to contribute.

Paragraph 1______

A. A good leader needs a variety of qualities.

B. These techniques are used to train leaders

C. Training can make good leaders

D. Most of good leader are natural-born

E. It’s important to have a good leader

F. People are in groups？？

Paragraph 2______

A. A good leader needs a variety of qualities.B. These techniques are used to train leadersC. Training can make good leadersD. Most of good leader are natural-bornE. It’s important to have a good leaderF. People are in groups

Paragraph 3 ______

A. A good leader needs a variety of qualities.B. These techniques are used to train leadersC. Training can make good leadersD. Most of good leader are natural-bornE. It’s important to have a good leaderF. People are in groups

Paragraph 4______

A. A good leader needs a variety of qualities.B. These techniques are used to train leadersC. Training can make good leadersD. Most of good leader are natural-bornE. It’s important to have a good leaderF. People are in groups

One of the major keys to success is______.

A. the ability to work with others.

B. encouraging group members

C. lack of good leaders

D. bossing people around

E. working out good strategies

F. overcoming fears about being a leader

Groups often break down because of______.

A. the ability to work with others.B. encouraging group membersC. lack of good leadersD. bossing people aroundE. working out good strategiesF. overcoming fears about being a leader

Good leaders always avoid______.

A. the ability to work with others.B. encouraging group membersC. lack of good leadersD. bossing people aroundE. working out good strategiesF. overcoming fears about being a leader

Self-confidence is the key to______.

A. the ability to work with others.B. encouraging group membersC. lack of good leadersD. bossing people aroundE. working out good strategiesF. overcoming fears about being a leader

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Are You a Successful Leader？

1.Almost nothing we do in this world is done in isolation. At work or at play, you&39;II find yourself in groups, working with other people: your team at work, a meeting with colleagues, your family, a holiday with friends, a group of students working together, a day out walking in the mountains, a group of neighbours wanting to make changes. It is now recognised that being able to work successfully with other- people is one of the major keys to success, partly because we need to do it so often.

2.In almost every situation where you&39;re in a group, you will need a skilled leader. All groups need leaders and all successful groups have good leaders: Groups without leaders or with weak leaders almost always break down. Members of a leaderless group often begin to feel dissatistled and frustrated. -llme is wasted and the tasks are not achieved.There are often arguments and tensions between people as there is nobody to keep the goals clear. Some personalities dominate and others disappear. Often group members begin not to come to meetings in order to avoid more disharmony.

3.Some people are natural leaders. The celebrity chef, Antonio Carluccio says, "True leaders are born and you can spot them&39;in kitchens." They&39;re people who combine toughness, fairness and humour. Although a lot of people agree that there are some natural-born leaders, most people now recognise that leadership can also be taught. Our professional and experienced staff can train almost anyone how to be a successfulleader Good leaders don&39;t make people do things in a bossy, controlling way. You can learn how to involve everyone, encouraging the whole group to work towards a common goal.

4.Our training courses use activities and techniques to develop a range of qualities which are necessary to be a good leader. Self-confidence is vital for you to overcome your own fears about being a leader. Successful leaders also need to be calm and intelligent. They need to be able to work out good strategies and make sound judgments under pressure. Lastly, and probably most importantly, good leaders need to be sensitive, sociable and be able to get on with a wide range of people. Good leadersV;ip is essentially the ability to influence others and good leaders allow all members of the group to contribute.

Paragraph 1______

A. Most of good leaders are natural-born

B. It&39;s important to have a good leader

C. People are in groups

D. Thesr techniques are used to train leaders

E. Training can make good leaders

F. A good leader needs a variety of qualities.

Paragraph 2______

A. Most of good leaders are natural-bornB. It&39;s important to have a good leaderC. People are in groupsD. Thesr techniques are used to train leadersE. Training can make good leadersF. A good leader needs a variety of qualities.

Paragraph 3______

A. Most of good leaders are natural-bornB. It&39;s important to have a good leaderC. People are in groupsD. Thesr techniques are used to train leadersE. Training can make good leadersF. A good leader needs a variety of qualities.

Paragraph 4______

A. Most of good leaders are natural-bornB. It&39;s important to have a good leaderC. People are in groupsD. Thesr techniques are used to train leadersE. Training can make good leadersF. A good leader needs a variety of qualities.

One of the major keys to success is______.

A. the ability to work with others

B. encouraging group members

C. lack of good leaders

D. overcoming fears about being a leader

E. bossing people around

F. working out good strategies

Groups often are broken down because of______.

A. the ability to work with othersB. encouraging group members C. lack of good leaders D. overcoming fears about being a leaderE. bossing people aroundF. working out good strategies

Good leaders always avoid______.

A. the ability to work with othersB. encouraging group members C. lack of good leaders D. overcoming fears about being a leaderE. bossing people aroundF. working out good strategies

Self - confidence is the key to______.

A. the ability to work with othersB. encouraging group members C. lack of good leaders D. overcoming fears about being a leaderE. bossing people aroundF. working out good strategies

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Intelligence: A Changed View

1. Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity (存在，实体), some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements. Its value, therefore, was as a predictor of children&39;s future learning. If they differed markedly in their ability to learn complex tasks, then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious. Intelligence tests could be used for streaming(分流，分组) children according to ability at an early age. And at 11 these tests were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education.

2. Today, we are beginning to think differently. In the last few years, research has thrown doubts on the view that innate (内在的) intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence itself. There is considerable evidence now shows the great influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence. Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that of their more fortunate classmates.

3. There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence(习得智力). Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimulating the environment is. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, whereas we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment. Researchers have been investigating what happens in this interaction(相互作用).

4. Two major findings have emerged from these researches. Firstly, the greatest part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life. It is estimated that 50 percent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four. Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship. Much of the difference in measured intelligence between "privileged" and "disadvantaged" children may be due to the latter&39;s lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual (感性的) experiences.

5. These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelligence. Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind, we now see it as a set of developed skills with which a person copes with any environment. These skills have to be learned and, indeed, one of them is learning how to learn.

6. The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system. In one respect a change is already occurring. With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes, fewer children will be given the label "low IQ(智商, Intelligence Quotient)" which must inevitably condemn a child in his own, if not society&39;s eyes. The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we canteach them reading or arithmetic is accepted by more and more people.

Paragraph 2______

A. Main Results of Recent ResearchesB. Popular Doubt about the New ViewC. Effect of Environment on IntelligenceD. Intelligence and AchievementE. Impact on School EducationF. A Changed View of Intelligence

Paragraph 4______

A. Main Results of Recent ResearchesB. Popular Doubt about the New ViewC. Effect of Environment on IntelligenceD. Intelligence and AchievementE. Impact on School EducationF. A Changed View of Intelligence

Paragraph 5______

A. Main Results of Recent ResearchesB. Popular Doubt about the New ViewC. Effect of Environment on IntelligenceD. Intelligence and AchievementE. Impact on School EducationF. A Changed View of Intelligence

Paragraph 6______

A. Main Results of Recent ResearchesB. Popular Doubt about the New ViewC. Effect of Environment on IntelligenceD. Intelligence and AchievementE. Impact on School EducationF. A Changed View of Intelligence

It was once believed ______, and thus we can tell how successful she/he will be in the future according to his/her intelligence.

A. born to be more intelligent or less intelligentB. have a better chance to develop his intelligenceC. taught to be more intelligentD. that intelligence was something a baby was born withE. and because of the lack of communication with his classmatesF. and partly stimulated

More recent researches has shown that intelligence is only partly inherited______.

A. born to be more intelligent or less intelligentB. have a better chance to develop his intelligenceC. taught to be more intelligentD. that intelligence was something a baby was born withE. and because of the lack of communication with his classmatesF. and partly stimulated

It can be inferred from the passage that a child will ______ if he has more opportunities to communicate with others by means of language.

A. born to be more intelligent or less intelligentB. have a better chance to develop his intelligenceC. taught to be more intelligentD. that intelligence was something a baby was born withE. and because of the lack of communication with his classmatesF. and partly stimulated

Children were not just ______, but they can be taught to be more intelligent at school.

A. born to be more intelligent or less intelligentB. have a better chance to develop his intelligenceC. taught to be more intelligentD. that intelligence was something a baby was born withE. and because of the lack of communication with his classmatesF. and partly stimulated

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

m bacteria and fungi that live in the air, soil, and water. Most antibiotics are used by physicians to fight various diseases caused by harmful microbes. A few are used to treat certain cancers. Antibiotics are sometimes called" wonder drugs &39;because they can cure many diseases that once were often fatal. The number of deaths that are caused by pneumonia and scarlet fever has declined drastically since people began using antibiotics.

2. There are more than 70 clinically useful antibiotics, Antibiotics fight pathogenic microbes and cancer cells by interfering with their normal cell processes. In most cases, this interference can occur in one of three ways: prevention of cell wall formation, disruption of the cell membrane, and disruption of chemical processes.

3. The contents of bacterial cells are enclosed in a membrane that is surrounded by a rigid wall that prevents the cells from splitting open. Penicillins and some other antibiotics destroy pathogenic microbes by hindering the formation of this wall. Human cells do not have nor need rigid cell walls and so are not damaged by these antibiotics.

4. Some antibiotics, including nystatin, disrupt the cell membrane of certain microbes. This membrane controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell. If the membrane is disrupted, vital nutrients may escape from the cell, or poisonous substances may enter and kill the cell. But the membranes of human cells are not affected because these antibiotics disrupt cell membranes that contain elements found only in microbial cells.

5. All cells produce proteins and nucleic acids, which are vital to the life of any organism. Some antibiotics fight disease by interfering with the chemical processes by which these substances are produced.For example, streptomycin prevent certain kinds of microbes from producing proteins, and rifampin interferes with the formation of nucleic acids. Human cells produce proteins and nucleic acids in much the same way that microbial cells do. But these processes differ enough so that some antibiotics interfere with chemical activities in microbial cells but not in human cells.

Paragraph 2______。

A. Autibiotics destroy pathosenic microbes by preventing the formation of the walls surrounding the membranes of the microbial cells that prevent the cells from split- ting open. B. More than 70 clinically useful antibiotics have been in- vented to fight pathogenic microbes and cancer cells by interacting with their normal cell processes. C. Human cells are not surrounded by a membrane D. Some antibiotics disrupt the cell membrane of certain microbes, letting vital nutrients to escape form. the cell or poisonous substances to enter and kill the cell. E. Nystatin is used to disrupt the wall surrounding the membrane. F. Some antibiotics fight disease by interfering with chemical activities in microbial cells but not in human cells.

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A. Autibiotics destroy pathosenic microbes by preventing the formation of the walls surrounding the membranes of the microbial cells that prevent the cells from split- ting open. B. More than 70 clinically useful antibiotics have been in- vented to fight pathogenic microbes and cancer cells by interacting with their normal cell processes. C. Human cells are not surrounded by a membrane D. Some antibiotics disrupt the cell membrane of certain microbes, letting vital nutrients to escape form. the cell or poisonous substances to enter and kill the cell. E. Nystatin is used to disrupt the wall surrounding the membrane. F. Some antibiotics fight disease by interfering with chemical activities in microbial cells but not in human cells.

Paragraph 4______。

A. Autibiotics destroy pathosenic microbes by preventing the formation of the walls surrounding the membranes of the microbial cells that prevent the cells from split- ting open. B. More than 70 clinically useful antibiotics have been in- vented to fight pathogenic microbes and cancer cells by interacting with their normal cell processes. C. Human cells are not surrounded by a membrane D. Some antibiotics disrupt the cell membrane of certain microbes, letting vital nutrients to escape form. the cell or poisonous substances to enter and kill the cell. E. Nystatin is used to disrupt the wall surrounding the membrane. F. Some antibiotics fight disease by interfering with chemical activities in microbial cells but not in human cells.

Paragraph 5______。

A. Autibiotics destroy pathosenic microbes by preventing the formation of the walls surrounding the membranes of the microbial cells that prevent the cells from split- ting open. B. More than 70 clinically useful antibiotics have been in- vented to fight pathogenic microbes and cancer cells by interacting with their normal cell processes. C. Human cells are not surrounded by a membrane D. Some antibiotics disrupt the cell membrane of certain microbes, letting vital nutrients to escape form. the cell or poisonous substances to enter and kill the cell. E. Nystatin is used to disrupt the wall surrounding the membrane. F. Some antibiotics fight disease by interfering with chemical activities in microbial cells but not in human cells.

Antibiotics cure diseases that used to be incurable, so they are sometimes called

A. antibiotics disrupt cell membranes that contain elements found only in microbial cells B. people began using antibiotics C. wonder drugs D. Penicillin may destroy normal cells of human beings E. vital to the life of any organism F. disruption of the cell membrane

The number of people who died from pneumonia and scarlet fever has declined since

A. antibiotics disrupt cell membranes that contain elements found only in microbial cells B. people began using antibiotics C. wonder drugs D. Penicillin may destroy normal cells of human beings E. vital to the life of any organism F. disruption of the cell membrane

The membranes of human cells can not be disrupted because ......

A. antibiotics disrupt cell membranes that contain elements found only in microbial cells B. people began using antibiotics C. wonder drugs D. Penicillin may destroy normal cells of human beings E. vital to the life of any organism F. disruption of the cell membrane

All cells produce proteins and nucleic acids which are

A. antibiotics disrupt cell membranes that contain elements found only in microbial cells B. people began using antibiotics C. wonder drugs D. Penicillin may destroy normal cells of human beings E. vital to the life of any organism F. disruption of the cell membrane

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