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A child's actions should be modified by imposing a system of rewards.
A．enforcing
B．opposing
C．incorporating
D．implementing
答案
更多“A child's actions should be modified by imposing a system of rewards.A．enforcingB．opposing”相关的问题
第1题
Miss Sullivan's battle began Sometimes, there was real fighting between the wild child and the strong young teacher. At last, however, the battle was won by Miss Sullivan, who had succeeded in showing Helen that she loved her and wanted to help her. The child and her teacher became friends. They continued to be friends until the teacher's death fifty years later.
The day on which Helen finally accepted Miss Sullivan as her friend and teacher was a great day in Helen's life. After that, the teacher could begin to teach the child language.
Before Miss Sullivan entered her life, Helen Keller had been a ______child.
A．clever
B．stupid
C．wild
第2题
When the narrator says "It was a hard struggle for so small a child" (Line 4, Para. 5), she means that
A．saving her sick sister was too big a task for her as a child.
B．a child could sometimes do things beyond her imagination.
C．a child could not distinguish the reality and her fantasy.
D．her little sister"s condition had become too bad to do anything about.
第3题
A parent's actions【C6】______affect the self-image that a child forms【C7】______identification. Children who see mainly positive qualities in their【C8】______will likely learn to see themselves in a positive way. Children who observe chiefly【C9】______qualities in their parents will have【C10】______seeing positive qualities in themselves. Children may【C11】______their self-image, however, as they become increasingly【C12】______by peer groups' standards before they reach 13.
Isolated events,【C13】______dramatic ones, do not necessarily have a permanent【C14】______on a child's behavior. Children interpret such events according to their established attitudes and previous training. Children who know they are loved can,【C15】______, accept the divorce of their parent's or a parent's early【C16】______But if children feel unloved, they may interpret such events【C17】______a sign of rejection or punishment.
In the same way, all children are not influenced【C18】______by toys and games, reading matter, and television programs.【C19】______in the case of a dramatic change in family relations, the【C20】______of an activity or experience depends on how the child interprets it.
【C1】
A．to
B．with
C．around
D．for
第4题
听力原文： Another problem with children involved is child abuse. Child abuse covers a wide range of parental actions that result in harm being inflicted on children of all ages. The kind of abuse, however, varies with age. Infants and pre-school children are most likely to suffer deliberately inflicted fractures, bums, and braises. This is known as the battered-child syndrome, first identified during the 1960s. Historically, reported cases of sexual abuse, ranging from molestation to incest, primarily involve male perpetrators and school-aged or adolescent female victims. More recently, however, a growing number of pre-school Victims and male victims have been identified.
Some states have broadened their statutory definitions of abuse to specifically include emotional or mental injury. Constant parental rejection, for example, can permanently cripple a child's personality.
Perhaps the most prevalent type of abuse is neglect—that is, physical or emotional harm resulting from their failure to provide children with adequate food, clothing, shelter, medical care, education, and moral training. A common consequence of neglect among young children is underfeeding; an undernourished infant often falls to thrive and may even die. In the age range between eight and 17 years, neglect, as opposed to physical or sexual abuse, was involved in about 70 percent of all validated reports of child mistreatment in the U.S. in a recent year.
What did the speaker probably talk about previously？
A．Children's welfare schemes.
B．Problems related to children.
C．Cases of child abuse.
D．Definitions of child abuse.
第5题
Look at it from the child's point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.
There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults reward some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.
In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wished to avoid. If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players; while some other person may most influence his approach to books.
Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.
The statement that children learn by imitation is incomplete because ______.
A．they only imitate authorities and experts
B．they are not willing to copy their parents
C．the process of identification has been ignored
D．the nature of their imitation as a form. of behavior. has been neglected
第6题
Nonverbal Communication
Like all animals, people communicate by their actions as well as by the noises they make. Language is obviously essential for human beings, but it is not the whole story of human communication.
There are many different cultures in the world, and in each of them the children must learn a great many things that are expected of everyone who participates effectively in that culture. These things are taken for granted by everyone who shares the culture. When I say that they are taken for granted, I mean that nobody needs to describe them or write them down or try self-consciously to teach them to children. Indeed, the children begin to learn them before their linguistic skills are far enough developed to understand a verbal description of what they are learning. This kind of learning has sometimes been called "imitation," but that is much too simple an explanation for the complex processes that go on when a child learns what is normal and expected in his own community. Most of the norms (标准) are communicated to the child nonverbally, and he internalizes them as if no other possibilities existed. They are as much a part of him as his own body; he would no more question them than he would question the fact that he has two hands and two feet, but only one head.
What is an example of the sort of thing that children learn nonverbally？ One of the simplest examples to observe and analyze and discuss is the way people use clothing and bodily ornamentation (装饰) to communicate. At any particular time in any particular culture there is an accepted and normal way to dress and to arrange one's hair and to paint the face and to wear one's jewelry. By adopting those conventions for dressing himself, a person communicates to the world that he wants to be treated according to the standards of the culture for which they are appropriate. When a black person in America rejects the normal American dress and puts on African clothing, he is communicating to the world that he wants to be treated as an Afro-American. On the surface, dressing up in unusual costumes would seem to be one of the more innocent forms of dissent that a person would express, but in fact it is deeply resented by many people who still feel bound by the traditional conventions of their culture and who become fearful or angry when those norms are violated. The nonverbal message that such a costume communicates is "I reject your culture and your values," and those who resent this message can be violent in their response.
Eye contact also has an important role in regulating conversational interactions. In America, a typical pattern is for the listener to signal that he is paying attention by looking at the talker's mouth or eyes. Since direct eye contact is often too intimate, the talker may let his eyes wonder elsewhere. As the moment arrives for the talker to become a listener, and for his partner to begin talking, there will often be a preliminary signal. The talker will often look toward the listener, and the listener will signal that he is ready to talk by glancing away.
Such eye signals will vary, of course, depending on what the people are talking about and what the personal relation is between them. But whatever the pattern of eye signals that two people are using, they use them unconsciously. If you try to become aware of your own eye movements while you are talking to someone, y6u will find it extremely frustrating. As soon as you try to think self-consciously about your own eye movements, you don't know where you should be looking. If you want to study how the eyes communicate, therefore, you should do it by observing other people, not yourself. But if you watch other people too intently, of course, you may disturb them or make them angry. So be careful!
Eye communication seems to be particularly important for Americans. It is part of the American culture that pe
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第7题
The passage mainly conveys the idea that______.
A．movie stars smoking on screen may initiate children to imitate them
B．violence on screen may lead youth to form. bad behaviors
C．media play the most important role in influencing children"s beliefs and actions
D．whether on-screen smoking can lead children to smoking has not yet been proved
第8题
How to Educate Children
As Eleanor Roosevelt once said, “Universal human rights begin in small places, close to home.” And Tolerance, org, a Web site from the Southern Poverty Law Center, is helping parents across the country create homes in which tolerance and understanding are guiding themes. “The goal of nurturing open-minded, empathetic children is a challenging one,” says Jennifer Holladay, director of Tolerance; org. “To cultivate tolerance, parents have to instill in children a sense of empathy, respect and responsibility—to oneself and to others—as well as the recognition that every person on earth is a treasure.” Holladay offers several ways parents can promote tolerance:
Talk about tolerance. Tolerance education is an ongoing process; it cannot be captured in a single moment. Establish a high comfort level for open dialogue about social issues. Let children know that no subject is taboo. Identify intolerance when children are exposed to it. Point out stereotypes and cultural misinformation depicted in movies, TV shows, computer games and other media. Challenge bias when it comes from friends and family members. Do not let the moment pass. Begin with a qualified statement: “Andrew just called people of XYZ faith ‘lunatics.’ What do you think about that, Zoe？” Let children do most of the talking. Challenge intolerance when it comes from your children. When a child says or does something that reflects biases or embraces stereotypes, confront the child: “What makes that joke funny, Jerome？” Guide the conversation toward internalization of empathy and respect—“Mimi uses a walker, honey. How do you think she would feel about that joke？” or “How did you feel when Robbie made fun of your glasses last Week？” Support your children when they are the victims of intolerance. Respect children’s troubles by acknowledging when they become targets of bias. Don’t minimize the experience. Provide emotional support and then brainstorm constructive responses. For example, develop a set of comebacks to use when children are the victims of name-calling. Create opportunities for children to interact with people who are different from them. Look critically at how a child defines “normal.” Expand the definition. Visit playgrounds where a variety of children are present—people of different races, socioeconomic backgrounds, family structures, etc. Encourage a child to spend time with elders—grandparents, for example. Encourage children to call upon community resources. A child who is concerned about world hunger can volunteer at a local soup kitchen or homeless shelter. The earlier children interact with the community, the better. This will help convey the lesson that we are not islands unto ourselves. Model the behavior. you would like to see. As a parent and as your child’s primary role model, be consistent in how you treat others. Remember, you may say, “Do as I say, not as I do,” but actions really do speak louder than words.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about Tolerance. org？______
A．It is a Web site from the Southern Poverty Law Center.
B．It is helping parents across the country create homes for those orphans.
C．The goal is to challenge those intolerant children.
D．It helps parents cultivate a sense of empathy and responsibility in their children.
第9题
People's decision of the method of studying for a test originates from ______.
A．habitual behaviors
B．programmed decisions
C．impulsive actions
D．intuitive actions
第10题
Health Education
Health education is the part of health care that is concerned with promoting healthy behavior．A person’s behavior. may be the main cause of a health problem．but it can also be the main solution．This is true for the teenager who smokes，the mother with the poorly nourished（营养）child，and the butcher（屠夫，卖肉的人）who gets a cut on his finger．By changing their behavior. these individuals can solve and prevent many of their own problems．
Health education does not replace other health services．but it is needed to promote the proper sue of these services．One example of this is immunization（免疫）：scientists have made many vaccines（疫苗）t0 prevent diseases，but this achievement is of no value unless people go to receive immunization．
Health education encourages behavior. that promotes health，prevent illness， cures disease and contributes to recovery．The needs and interests of individuals，families，groups，organizations，and communities are at the heart of health education programs. Thus there are many opportunities for practicing health education．
Health education is not the same thing as health information．Correct information is certainly a basic part of health education． but health education must also address the other factors that affect health behavior. such as availability（可获性）of resources，effectiveness of community leadership，social support from family members，and levels of self—help skills．Health education therefore uses a variety of methods to help people understand their own situations and choose actions that will improve their health．Health education is incomplete unless it encourages involvement and choice by the people themselves．
Also，in health education we do not blame people if they do not behave in a healthy way． 0ffen unhealthy behavior. is not the fault of the individual．In health education we must work with families，communities，and even regional authorities to make sure that resources and support are available to enable each individual to lead a healthy life．
第 1 题 Paragraph 2____________
