DNA test violates civil rights.A．正确B．错误

The DNA test found the murder was a 14-year-old boy.

A．正确

B．错误

In 2000, a DNA test found the murder immediately.

A．正确

B．错误

People question the reliability of DNA fingerprinting for

A.the subjective interpretation of test results

B.its complex procedure

C.its large scale research

D.its uniform. testing standards

DNA Fingerprinting

？？ DNA isthe genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things. Inmammals the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes. Withthe exception of identical sib- lings (as in identical twins) , the completeDNA of each individual is unique.

？？DNAfingerprinting is somet？？imes called DNA typing. It is a method of identificationthat compares bits of DNA. A DNA fingerprint is constructed by first drawingout a DNA sample from body tissue or fluid such as hair, blood, or saliva. Thesample is then segmented using enzymes, and the segments are arranged by size.The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film, where they forma pattern of black bars-the DNA fingerprint. If the DNA fingerprints producedfrom two differ- ent samples match, the two samples probably came from the sameperson.？？

？？DNAfingerprinting was first developed as all identification technique in 1985.Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases, it soon came to beused in criminal investigations and legal af- fairs. The first criminal convictionbased on DNA evidence in the United States occurred in 1988. In criminalinvestigations, DNA fingerprints derived from evidence collected at the crimescene are com- pared to the DNA fingerprints of suspects. Generally, courtshave accepted the reliability of DNA tes- ting and admitted DNA test resultsinto evidence. However, DNA fingerprinting is controversial in a number ofareas:the accuracy of the results, the cost of testing, and the possible misuseof the tech-nique.

？？ Theaccuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged for several reasons. First？？,because DNA seg-ments rather than complete DNA strands are"fingerprinted": a DNA fingerprint may not be unique; large-scaleresearch to confirm the uniqueness of DNA fingerprinting test results has notbeen conducted. In addi-tion, DNA fingerprinting is often done in privatelaboratories that may not follow uniform. testing standards and qualitycontrols. Also, since human beings must interpret the test, human error couldlead to false re-sults.

？？ DNA fingerprinting is expen？？sive. Suspectswho are unable to provide their own DNA to experts may not be able tosuccessfully defend themselves against charges based on DNA evidence.

？？ Widespread use of DNA testing for identification purposes may lead tothe establishment of a DNA fingerprint database？？.？？

？？ According to the essay, we can findchromosomes ________？？

A.in a fish

B.in a tree

C.in a sheep

D.in a rock

DNA Fingerprinting

DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all livingthings. In mammals(哺乳动物)the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes(染色体). With the exceptionof identical twins, the complete DNA of each individual is unique.

DNA fingerprinting is sometimes called DNAtyping. It is a method of identification that compares bits of DNA. A DNAfingerprint is constructed by first drawing out a DNA sample from body tissueor fluid such as hair, blood, or saliva(唾液). The sample is then segmented using enzymesc酶) , and the segmentsare arranged by size. The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-rayfilm,where they form. a pattern of black bars-the DNA fingerprint. If the DNAfingerprints produced from two different samples match, the two samplesprobably came from the same person.

DNA fingerprinting was firstdeveloped as an identification technique in 1985. Originally used to detect thepresence of genetic diseases, it soon came to be used in criminalinvestigations and legal af-fairs. The first criminal conviction based on DNAevidence in theUnited Statesoccurred in 1988. In criminalinvestigations, DNA fingerprints derived from evidence collected at the crimescene are com-pared to the DNA fingerprints of suspects. Generally, courts haveaccepted the reliability of DNA tes-ting and admitted DNA test results intoevidence. However, DNA fingerprinting is controversial in a number of areas:the accuracy of the results, the cost of testing, and the possible misuse of thetech-nique.

The accuracy of DNAfingerprinting has been challenged for several reasons. First, because DNAsegments rather than complete DNA strands are "fingerprinted"; a DNAfingerprint may not be unique; large-scale research to confirm the uniquenessof DNA fingerprinting test results has not been conducted. In addition, DNAfingerprinting is often done in private Iaboratories that may not followuniform. testing standards and quality controls. Also, since human beings mustinterpret the test, human error could lead to false results.

DNA fingerprinting isexpensive. Suspects who are unable to provide their own DNA to experts may notbe able to successfully defend themselves against charges based on DNAevidence.

Widespread use of DNA testingfor identification purposes may lead to the establishment of a DNA fingerprintdatabase.

If two sisters are identical twins, their complete DNAs are

A.the same

B.unique

C.different

D.similar

根据以下材料，回答题

DNA Fingerprinting

DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things. In mammals the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes. With the exception of identical siblings （as in identical twins）， the complete DNA of each individual is unique.

DNA fingerprinting is sometimes called DNA typing. It is a method of identification that compares bits of DNA. A DAN fingerprint is constructed by first drawing out a DNA sample front body tissue or fluid such as hair， blood， or saliva. The sample is then segmented using enzymes，and the segments are arranged by size. The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film， where they form. a pattern of black bars- the DNA fingerprint. If the DNA fingerprints produced from two different samples match， the two samples probably came from the same person.

DNA fingerprinting was first developed as an identification technique in 1985. Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases， it soon came to be used in criminal investigations and legal affairs. The first criminal conviction based on DNA evidence in the United States occurred in 1988. In criminal investigations， DNA fingerprints derived from evidence collected at the crime scene are compared to the DNA fingerprints of suspects. Generally， courts have accepted the reliability of DNA testing and admitted DNA test results into evidence. However， DNA fingerprinting is controversial in a number of areas: the accuracy of the results， the cost of testing，and the possible misuse of the technique.

The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged for several reasons. First， because DNA segments rather than complete DNA strands are "fingerprinted" ; a DNA fingerprint may not be unique; large-scale research to confirn the uniqueness of DNA fingerprinting test results has not been conducted. In addition， DNA fingerprinting is often done in private laboratories that may not follow uniform. testing standards and quality controls. Also， since human beings must interpret the test， human error could lead to false results.

DNA fingerprinting is expensive. Suspects who are unable to provide their own DNA to experts may not be able to successfully defend themselves against charges based on DNA evidence.

Widespread use of DNA testing for identification purposes may lead to the establishment of a DNA fingerprint database.

If two sisters are identical twins， their complete DNAs are __________. 查看材料

A.the same

B.unique

C.different

D.similar

An anomaly is a discovery that violates the conventional physics.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

The utterance "She is the cream in my coffee" obviously violates the maxim of

A．quality.

B．quantity.

C．relation.

D．manner.

A.duress

B.injunction

C.infringe

D.dissolve

The sentence "I vote H-A-M-B-U-R-G-E-R" violates the maxim of

A．quantity.

B．quality.

C．manner.

D．relation.