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A.voting rights
B.common law
C.legal personality
D.religious system
答案
更多“English law recognised long ago that a corporation would have "（)".A、voting r”相关的问题
第1题
But to make life or death decisions on behalf of a dying person unable to communicate his or her wishes is to enter a moral and legal minefield. Could a doctor be sued for withholding treatment and allowing someone to die — or for not allowing him or her to die？ Could it ever be lawful to withhold food and water？
Legal moves are afoot which may settle these questions. Recently, a group on voluntary euthanasia proposed legislation to make documents known as "Advance Directives", or Living Wills, legally binding.
An Advance Directive sets out the kind of medical treatment a person wishes to receive, or not receive, should he or she ever be in a condition that prevents them expressing those wishes. Such documents, much in vogue in the US and some EU countries, are becoming increasingly popular in Britain.
A clear distinction must be drawn between actions requested by an Advance Directive, and active euthanasia, or "mercy killing". A doctor who took a positive step — such as giving a lethal injection — to help a patient die would, as the law stands, be guilty of murder or aiding and abetting suicide, depending On the circumstances.
An Advance Directive, however, requests only passive euthanasia: the withholding of medical treatment aimed solely at sustaining the life of a patient who is terminally ill or a vegetable (in a vegetative state). The definition of medical treatment, in such circumstances, Can include food and water.
The enforceability of the Advance Directive Stems from the notion, long accepted in English law, that a person who is both old enough to make an informed decision and compos mentis, is entitled to refuse any medical treatment offered by a doctor, even if that refusal leads to the person's death. A doctor who forces treatment on a patient against his or her wishes is, therefore, guilty of an assault. Case law exists in the US and several EU countries that extends this right of autonomy over one's life to patients who write an Advance Directive refusing treatment and subsequently lose their reason. There is no reason, based on public policy or English case law, why an English court should treat previously made instructions any differently.
It will be a relief over the death of a friend or a relative if the friend or relative dies from ______.
A．a traffic accident
B．an acute infectious disease
C．heart attack
D．a three-year cancer
第2题
It is virtually impossible to estimate the number of people in the world who have acquired an adequate working knowledge of English in addition to their own language. The purposes for which English is learned and the situations in which such learning takes place are so varied that it is difficult to define and still more difficult to assess what constitutes an adequate working knowledge for each situation.
The main reason for the widespread demand for English is its present-day importance as a world language. Besides serving the infinite needs of its native speakers, English is a language in which some of the most important works in science, technology, and other fields are being produced, and not always by native speakers. It is widely used for such purposes as meteorological and airport communications, international conferences, and the dissemination(传播)of information over the radio and television networks of many nations. It is a language of wider communication for a number of developing countries, especially former British colonies. Many of these countries have multilingual populations and need a language for internal communication in such matters as government, commerce industry, law and education as well as for international communication and for access to the scientific and technological development in the West.
There are about 260 million people who can speak ______.
A．English in its regional variety
B．English in its standard variety
C．English as a second language
D．English as a working language
第3题
第4题
Bilingual Education
Bilingual education in America is hundreds of years old, hardly a "new" issue. In 1837, Pennsylvania law required that school instruction be given on an equal basis in German as well as English. In fact, that example provides us with a fairly concise definition of bilingual education, the use of two languages for instruction. But, almost a century later, as America was being pulled into World War I, foreign languages were seen as unpatriotic. Public pressure routed the German language from the curriculum, although nearly one in four high school students was studying the language at the time. Some states went even further. Committed to a rapid assimilation(同化)of new immigrants, and suspicious of much that was foreign, these states prohibited the teaching of any foreign language during the first eight years of schooling.
Despite the long history of bilingual education in this country, many school districts never really bought into the concept. In districts without bilingual education, students with a poor command of English had to sink or swim (or perhaps, more accurately, "speak or sink"). Students either learned to speak English as they sat in class—or they failed school, an approach sometimes referred to as language submersion. If submersion was not to their liking, they could choose to leave school. Many did.
Bilingual education had a rebirth in the 1960s, as the Civil rights movement brought new attention to the struggles of many Americans temporarily without citizenship, including non-English speakers trying to learn in a language they did not understand. And, unlike the 1800s, by the 1960s and 1970s education had become less an option and more a necessity, the access to economic success. To respond to this need, Congress passed the Bilingual Education Act in 1968. This act provided federal financial incentives, using what some people call "a carrot approach," to encourage schools to initiate bilingual education programs. Not all districts chased the carrot.
From the start, the Bilingual Education Act was fraught with problems. The act lacked concrete recommendations for implementation and did not specify standards. Individual school districts and, in some cases, even individual schools, experimented with different approaches. In too many cases, the act simply failed to serve the students it was meant to serve.
During the early 1970s, disappointed parents initiated lawsuits. In 1974, the Supreme Court heard the case of Lau v. Nichols. This class action lawsuit centered around Kinney Lau and 1,800 other Chinese students from the San Francisco area who were failing their courses because they could not understand English. The Court affirmed that federally funded schools must "correct the language deficiency" of these students. Teaching students in a language they did not understand was not an appropriate education. The Court's decision in Lau v. Nichols prompted Congress to pass the Equal Educational Opportunities Act (EEOA). Under this law, school districts must take positive steps to provide equal education for language-minority students by eliminating language barriers.
Typically in the bilingual approach, limited English proficiency (LEP) students learn English as a second language while taking other academic subjects in their native language. The transitional approach begins by using the native language as a bridge to English-language instruction. Academic subjects are first taught using the native language, but progressively the students transition to English, to their new language. This is the most widely used approach. The maintenance, or developmental, approach emphasizes the importance of maintaining both languages. The goal is to create a truly bilingual student, one who acquires English while maintaining competence in the native language. Students are instructed in both languages. English as a Second
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第5题
第6题
We all believe that words of a language evolve (进化) gradually over the centuries, rather as animals and plants evolve over millions of years. Sometimes the change is so slight. as to be almost unnoticeable--finger, for example, means the same today as it did 1,000 years ago. Other words have changed out of all recognition. For example, modem English "lord", a person with high social positions, comes from Old English "hlaford". It used to mean "guardian of the bread", a person who protects the bread. But not all word meanings change like this. Just as new and different types of animals and plants can be reproduced, we can call completely new words into being.
Anyone can make a word. The difficult part is to make it stay in the language. To stand the best chance it should probably relate to a particular and fairly specialized subject. That cuts down the number of people who need to agree to use it. Chemists are often having to find expressions for new findings. Once that is achieved, there may be a chance for wider recognition if the expression comes to be of interest to the general public.
Ordinary people can make long-lasting words, though. In 1924, a competition (比赛) was held to make a word for a drinker of illegal liquor (非法出售的酒). A prize of US $200 was offered, and there were reportedly over 25,000 suggestions. The winners were Henry Irving Dale and Kate L. Butler, who both came up with "scofflaw". And that word exists in American English to this day, in the rather wider sense "someone who disobeys the law".
What can we learn from the text？
A．It is the duty of specialists to make new words.
B．People are encouraged to make new words.
C．Words evolve faster than animals and plants.
D．New words are usually made by chemists.
第7题
The fact is that the typical English pub is changing, not only 【24】______ the licensing laws not being so strict as they 【25】______ , but also because publicans are trying to 【26】______ away with the old Victorian 【27】______ of the pub and 【28】______ provide couples with an atmosphere where they can both feel happy. Pubs used not to open 【29】______ at certain limes. The result was that they were usually 【30】______ with men who seemed to be drinking as much as possible in the lime 【31】______ . But that kind of pub is quickly becoming a thing of the past.
Curiously enough, the old British licensing laws, which foreigners found so objectionable and absurd, were 【32】______ introduced as a 【33】______ measure to stop workers drinking in the World War I. 【34】______ , the strong puritanical 【35】______ in Parliament took 【36】______ of the law and 【37】______ it.
Opening hours arc 【38】______ limited to eight hours a day, but publicans can now choose which hours 【39】______ them best. And nowadays you can even get a cup of coffee if you prefer 【40】______ beer. But in spite of this the Puritans would never dream of admitting that a pub could become a repeatable place.
【21】
A．and
B．though
C．when
D．as
第8题
But to make life-or-death decisions on behalf of a dying person unable to communicate his or her wishes is to enter a moral and legal minefield. Could a doctor be sued for withholding treatment and allowing someone to dieor for not allowing him or her to die？ Could it ever be lawful to withhold food and water？
Legal moves are afoot which may settle these questions. Recently, a group on voluntary euthanasia proposed legislation to make documents known as "Advance Directives", or Living Wills, legally binding.
An Advance Directive sets out the kind of medical treatment a person wishes to receive, or not receive, should he or she ever be in a condition that prevents them expressing those wishes. Such documents, much in vogue in the US and some Commonwealth countries, are becoming increasingly popular in Britain.
A clear distinction must be drawn between actions requested by an Advance Directive, and active euthanasia, or "mercy killing". A doctor who took a positive step such as giving a lethal injection-to help a patient die would, as the law stands, be guilty of murder or aiding and abetting suicide, depending on the circumstances.
An Advance Directive, however, requests only passive euthanasia: the withholding of medical treatment aimed solely at sustaining the life of a patient who is terminally ill or a vegetable. The definition of medical treatment, in such circumstances, can include food and water. The enforceability of the Advance Directive stems from the notion, long accepted in English law, that a person who is both old enough to make an informed decision and compos mentis, is entitled to refuse any medical treatment offered by a doctor, even if that refusal leads to the person's death. A doctor who forces treatment on a patient against his or her wishes is, therefore, guilty of an assault. Case law exists in the US and several Commonwealth countries that extends this right of autonomy over one's life to patients who write an Advance Directive refusing treatment and subsequently lose their previously made instructions any differently.
It will be a relief over the death of a friend or a relative if the friend or relative dies from ______.
A．a traffic accident
B．an acute infectious disease
C．heart attack
D．a three-year coma (昏迷)
第9题
【T5】
A.OUT
B.GO FOR
C.BUT FOR A.NOT FOR OUR NEEDS, MIND YOU,【T1】______OUR DEMANDS
B.IF YOU【T2】______A MASTER"S DEGREE
C.YOU CAN SUCCESSFULLY DROP【T3】______IN GRADE SCHOOL GET A HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA, AT LEAST WITHOUT THAT, YOU ARE OCCUPATIONALLY DEAD, UNLESS YOUR NAME HAPPENS TO BE GEORGE BERNARD SHAW OR THOMAS ALVA EDISON AND【T4】______ GET A COLLEGE DEGREE, IF POSSIBL
E.WITH A BA, YOU ARE ON THE LAUNCHING PA
D.BUT NOW YOU HAVE TO START TO PUT ON THE BRAKES.【T5】______, MAKE SURE IT IS AN MBA, AND ONLYFROM A FIRST-RATE UNIVERSITY.BEYOND THIS, THE FAMOUS LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS BEGINS TO TAKE EFFECT. DO YOU KNOW, FOR INSTANCE, THAT LONG-HAUL TRUCK DRIVERS EARN MORE A YEAR THAN FULL PROFESSORS？ YES, THE AVERAGE 1977 SALARY FOR THOSE TRUCKERS WAS $24,000, WHILE THE FULL PROFESSORS MANAGED TO AVERAGE JUST $23,930. A P
H.
D.IS THE HIGHEST DEGREE YOU CAN GET, BUT EXCEPT IN A FEW SPECIALIZED FIELDS SUCH AS PHYSICS OR CHEMISTRY, WHERE THE DEGREE CAN QUICKLY BE TURNED TO INDUSTRIAL OR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES, YOU ARE FACING A DIM FUTUR
E.THERE ARE MORE P
H.
D.S UNEMPLOYED OR UNDEREMPLOYED IN THIS COUNTRY THAN IN ANY OTHER PART OF THE WORLD BY FAR. IF YOU BECOME A DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENGLISH OR HISTORY OR ANTHROPOLOGY OR POLITICAL SCIENCE OR LANGUAGES OR—WORST OF ALL—IN PHILOSOPHY, YOU RUN THE RISK OF BECOMING OVER-EDUCATED FOR OUR NATIONAL DEMANDS.【T6】______.
第10题
【T6】
A.OUT
B.GO FOR
C.BUT FOR A.NOT FOR OUR NEEDS, MIND YOU,【T1】______OUR DEMANDS
B.IF YOU【T2】______A MASTER"S DEGREE
C.YOU CAN SUCCESSFULLY DROP【T3】______IN GRADE SCHOOL GET A HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA, AT LEAST WITHOUT THAT, YOU ARE OCCUPATIONALLY DEAD, UNLESS YOUR NAME HAPPENS TO BE GEORGE BERNARD SHAW OR THOMAS ALVA EDISON AND【T4】______ GET A COLLEGE DEGREE, IF POSSIBL
E.WITH A BA, YOU ARE ON THE LAUNCHING PA
D.BUT NOW YOU HAVE TO START TO PUT ON THE BRAKES.【T5】______, MAKE SURE IT IS AN MBA, AND ONLYFROM A FIRST-RATE UNIVERSITY.BEYOND THIS, THE FAMOUS LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS BEGINS TO TAKE EFFECT. DO YOU KNOW, FOR INSTANCE, THAT LONG-HAUL TRUCK DRIVERS EARN MORE A YEAR THAN FULL PROFESSORS？ YES, THE AVERAGE 1977 SALARY FOR THOSE TRUCKERS WAS $24,000, WHILE THE FULL PROFESSORS MANAGED TO AVERAGE JUST $23,930. A P
H.
D.IS THE HIGHEST DEGREE YOU CAN GET, BUT EXCEPT IN A FEW SPECIALIZED FIELDS SUCH AS PHYSICS OR CHEMISTRY, WHERE THE DEGREE CAN QUICKLY BE TURNED TO INDUSTRIAL OR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES, YOU ARE FACING A DIM FUTUR
E.THERE ARE MORE P
H.
D.S UNEMPLOYED OR UNDEREMPLOYED IN THIS COUNTRY THAN IN ANY OTHER PART OF THE WORLD BY FAR. IF YOU BECOME A DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENGLISH OR HISTORY OR ANTHROPOLOGY OR POLITICAL SCIENCE OR LANGUAGES OR—WORST OF ALL—IN PHILOSOPHY, YOU RUN THE RISK OF BECOMING OVER-EDUCATED FOR OUR NATIONAL DEMANDS.【T6】______.
