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[主观题]

Pain is easier to endure if you know you can end it. Speakers at a session on pain at the

British Association's psychology section have new evidence to support this idea for two common experiences of pain: in childbirth and at the dentist's. On the other side of the coin, their inability to control pain may explain why some people with continual pain have psychological problems as well.

Dr. J. Robinson found out about the phenomenon of self-controlled pain almost by accident. He was studying the effects of analgesics used to control pain during childbirth and as part of the experiment made it possible for women having their child to press a button which gave an automatic injection—instead of having all injections made by the doctor. Afterwards these women did not say that they had less pain than other women in childbirth, but they did use considerable less of the drug.

J. Atkins, a dental surgeon, has observed a similar phenomenon. As part of their efforts to make dentistry painless, Atkins and researchers at Aston University in Birmingham offered patients a switch they could flip to turn off the dentist's drill whenever they chose. But, after trying the switch on 50 patients Atkins gave up; none of the patients had ever flipped the switch.

Perhaps the extra endurance was because the Aston team also use other methods to make dentistry painless. Apparently few other dentists are so considerate. The end result, according to the Birmingham survey, is that British people avoid going to the dentist, with the consequence that almost 30% of people in England and Wales have lost all their teeth, and more than seven out of ten have lost at least six teeth. Less than half of the public pay regular visits to the dentist. To find out why, Atkins and psychologist Cumberbatch interviewed a sample of patients attending a dental hospital. The most common reason people gave for not having dental check-ups were fear and pain.

By using a little care and taking time to explain what will happen, Atkins feels, dentists could overcome these fears. There are techniques for giving injections without pain, and a "calm unhurried approach" to drilling can make that painless, too.

Sadly, few dentists seem to take much trouble with their patients. "I am not nervous when I go to the dentist, and I do not have any pronounced sympathy for those who are, " said one dentist. "I tend to take the point of view that they are being unreasonable at my expense."

The passage most possibly comes from______.

A．a medical textbook

B．a psychology textbook

C．a popular magazine

D．a serious magazine

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发布时间：2020-12-04
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更多“Pain is easier to endure if you know you can end it. Speakers at a session on pain at the”相关的问题

第1题

If you want to teach our children how to say sorry, you must be good at it yourself, espec
ially to your own children. But how you say it can be quiet tricky.

If you say to your children "I am sorry I got angry with you, but ..." what follows that "but' can render the apology ineffective. "I had a bad day" or "your noise was giving me a headache" leaves the person who has been injured feeling that he should be apologizing for his bad behavior. in expecting an apology.

Another method by which people appear to apologize without actually doing so is to say 'Tm sorry you're upset"; this suggests that you are somewhat at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done.

Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again. Saying "I'm useless as a parent" does not commit a person to any specific improvement.

These pseudo-apologies are used by people who believe saying sorry shows weakness. Parents who wish to teach their children to apologize should see it as a sign of strength, and therefore not resort to these pseudo-apologies.

But even when presented with examples of genuine contrition, children will need help to become aware of the complexities of saying sorry. A three-year-old might need help in understanding that other children feel pain just as he does, and that hitting a playmate over the head with a heavy to requires an apology. A six-year-old might need to be shown that raiding the buscuit tin without asking permission is acceptable, but that borrowing a parent's clothes without permission is not.

If a mother adds "but" to an apology, ______.

A．she doesn't feel that she should have apologized

B．she does not realize that the child has been hurt

C．the child may find the apology easier to accept

D．the child may feel that he owes her an apology

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第2题

Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. If you want to teach

Passage Four

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.

If you want to teach your children how to say sorry, you must be good at saying it yourself, especially to your own children. But how you say it can be quite tricky.

If you say to your children “I’m sorry I got angry with you, but …” what follows that “but” can render the apology ineffective: ” I had a bad day” or “your noise was giving me a headache ” leaves the person who has been injured feeling that he should be apologizing for his bad behavior. in expecting an apology.

Another method by which people appear to apologize without actually doing so is to say “I’m sorry you’re upset” ; this suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done.

Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again. Saying “I’m useless as a parent” does not commit a person to any specific improvement.

These pseudo-apologies are used by people who believe saying sorry shows weakness, Parents who wish to teach their children to apologize should see it as a sign of strength, and therefore not resort to these pseudo-apologies.

But even when presented with examples of genuine contrition, children still need help to become a ware of the complexities of saying sorry. A three-year-old might need help in understanding that other children feel pain just as he does, and that hitting a playmate over the head with a heavy toy requires an apology. A six-year-old might need reminding that spoiling other children’s expectations can require an apology. A 12-year-old might need to be shown that raiding the biscuit tin without asking permission is acceptable, but that borrowing a parent’s clothes without permission is not.

36.If a mother adds ”but” to an apology,________.

A．she doesn’t feel that she should have apologized

B．she does not realize that the child has been hurt

C．the child may find the apology easier to accept

D．the child may feel that he owes her an apology

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第3题

The common cold is the world's most widespread illness, which is plagues （疫病) that flesh

The common cold is the world's most widespread illness, which is plagues (疫病) that flesh receives.

The most widespread fallacy (谬误) of all is that colds are caused by cold. They are not. They are caused by viruses (病毒) passing on from person to person. You catch a cold by coming into contact, directly or indirectly, with someone who already has one. If cold causes colds, it would be reasonable to expect the Eskimos to suffer from them forever. But they do not. And in isolated arctic regions explorers have reported being free from colds until coming into contact again with infected people from the outside world by way of packages and mail dropped from airplanes.

During the First World War soldiers who spent long periods in the trenches (战壕), cold and wet, showed no increased tendency to catch colds.

In the Second World War prisoners at the notorious Auschwitz concentration camp (奥斯维辛集中营), naked and starving, were astonished to find that they seldom had colds.

At the Common Cold Research Unit in England, volunteers took part in experiments in which they gave themselves to the discomforts of being cold and wet for long stretches of time. After taking hot baths, they put on bathing suits, allowed themselves to be with cold water, and then stood about dripping wet in drafty room. Some wore wet socks all day while others exercised in the rain until close to exhaustion. Not one of the volunteers came down with a cold unless a cold virus was actually dropped in his nose.

If, then, cold and wet have nothing to do with catching colds, why are they more frequent in the winter？ Despite the most pains-taking research, no one has yet found the answer. One explanation offered by scientists is that people tend to stay together indoors more in cold weather than at other times, and this makes it easier for cold viruses to be passed on.

No one has yet found a cure for the cold. There are drugs and pain suppressors (止痛片) such as aspirin, but all they do is to relieve the symptoms (症状).

The writer offered ______ examples to support his argument.

A．4

B．5

C．6

D．3

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第4题

Drug Abuse1 The term "drug abuse" most often refers to the use of a drug with such frequen

Drug Abuse

1 The term "drug abuse" most often refers to the use of a drug with such frequency that it causes physical or mental harm to the user or impairs social functioning. Although the term seems to imply that users abuse the drugs they take, in fact, it is themselves or others they abuse by using drugs.

2 Pharmacologists, who study the effects of drugs, classify psychoactive drugs according to what they do to those who take them. Drugs that speed up signals passing through the nervous system, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and produce alertness and arousal and, in higher doses, excitability, and inhibit fatigue and sleep, are called stimulants. Drugs that retard, slow down, or depress signals passing through the central nervous system and produce relaxation, a lowering of anxiety, and, at higher doses, drowsiness and sleep, are called depressants. One distinct kind of depressants are those which dull the mind's perception of pain and in medicine are used as painkillers, or analgesics. These drugs called narcotics.

3 It is not always easy to determine exactly when simple drug use becomes abuse. Thus it is far easier to study who uses illegal psychoactive drugs than it is to study who abuses them. When re searchers describe patterns of drug abuse, then, they usually describe the more general phenomenon of drug use, whether it leads to abuse or not.

4 Drinking on the job is a social and economic problem with a long history. With the growing popularity of illegal drugs in the 1960s and 1970s, it was to be expected that their use in the workplace would emerge as a major issue by the 1980s. Estimates of employee drug use vary greatly, ranging from 10 percent to 25 percent for the proportion of workers who use drugs occasionally on the job. The safe performance of some occupations among them is done by airline pilots in air traffic.

5 From the 1920s until the 1960s, treatment of drug abuse in the United States was practically nonexistent. During this period many officials did not believe that treatment was effective or necessary. Drug abusers and sellers were simply arrested and imprisoned, thereby discouraging use. The dramatic explosion in the use and abuse of a wide range of different drugs during the 1960s demonstrated the weakness of this theory. As a result, two treatment programs were developed during the 1960s.

A. Patterns of drug abuse

B. Treatment

C. Drug testing in the workplace

D. Classification of psychoactive drugs

E. Definition of drug abuse

Paragraph 1 ______.

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第5题

Crippled by Computers by Janice M. Horowitz Time Magazine （October 1998)As more U.S. worke

Crippled by Computers

by Janice M. Horowitz

Time Magazine (October 1998)

As more U.S. workers spend their days at keyboards, hand injuries and lawsuits are multiplying.

As jobs in journalism go, Grant McCool's was a very desirable assignment. Based in Hong Kong for Reuters news service, McCool covered breaking news throughout east Asia, traveling to South Korea, China and Pakistan. But in 1997, after five hectic years, the native of Scotland was ready for a change. That's when his bosses transferred him to New York City to be an editor.

That's also when the trouble started. After typing on his computer keyboard for hours a day over several months, McCool developed excruciating (难忍受的) pain in his hands; some mornings he would wake with his arms throbbing (跳动) and burning."The doctor told me to stop typing immediately," recalls McCooh 32. He hasn't written or edited a story on deadline since.Nor has he been able to clean house, carry heavy objects or play tennis. He cannot even drive a car; controlling the steering wheel with his injured hands is impossible.

McCool suffers from a severe case of cumulative (累积的) trauma (创伤) disorder, a syndrome that results from overusing the muscles and tendons (腱) of the fingers, hands, arms and shoulders. The condition brings pain, numbness, weakness and sometimes long-term disability. Such problems, more commonly known as repetitive stress injuries (RSI), now strike an estimated 185,000 U.S. office and factory workers a year. The cases account for more than half the country's occupational illnesses, compared with about 20 percent a decade ago.

A particularly fast-growing category of victims includes white-collar professional and clerical workers who spend their days pounding away at keyboards. An increasing number are responding in a white-collar way: with lawsuits. Hundreds of injured telephone reservationists (预订业务承力员), cashiers, word processors and journalists, McCool among them, are suing computer manufacturers, blaming the machines for their disabilities. IBM, Apple Computers, AT&T and Kodak's Atex-division, which produces a wordprocessing system designed for journalists, have all been named in the suits, which demand damages of up to a ＄1 million or more per victim.

Employers are quickly learning that they must face up to the problem. Already, RSI costs about ＄ 7 billion a year in lost productivity and medical costs. Moreover, under the provisions (条款) of the Americans with Disabilities Act, which went into effect this summer, employers are now required to accommodate "reasonably" workers with physical impairments (损伤).Companies may have to transfer employees with RSI to less stressful jobs or give them special help. Increasingly, union and other worker groups are demanding that companies provide better keyboards and office furniture and give employees more frequent breaks to reduce the risk of injury.

How ironic that computers, the very technology celebrated for making office work easier, would cause such harm. By now, nearly half the U.S. work force —some 45 million workers —use computers (though not all spend hour after hour punching keys). "We thought technology was going to help us, which it does. But we did not consider that we would also have to adjust the workplace at the same time," says Barbara Silverstein, research director of Washington State's department of labor and industries.

RSI involves not just one but an array of ailments resulting from tugging, pounding and straining crucial tissues in the upper body. It usually

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第6题

The statement "magnets attenuate pain" can be paraphrased as ______.A．magnets relieve pain

The statement "magnets attenuate pain" can be paraphrased as ______.

A．magnets relieve pain

B．magnets increase pain

C．magnets aggravate pain

D．magnets stop pain

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第7题

John screamed out （) pain when he burnt his fingers

A.with

B.doing

C.good

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第8题

Heendured great pain before he finally expired. A．firedB．resignedC．died D．retre

Heendured great pain before he finally expired.

A．fired

B．resigned

C．died

D．retreated

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