Two scientists who have won praise for research into the growth of cancer cells could be c - 试题答案网问答

第1题

This is news on the hour, Ed Wilson reporting. The President and First Lady will visit Afr

ica on a goodwill tour in May. They plan to visit eight African countries.

Reports from China say the Chinese want closer ties between China and the U.S. and Western Europe, A group of top Chinese scientists starts its ten-nation tour next month.

Here is in Miami, the major is still meeting with the leader of the Teacher's Union to try to find a way to end the strike. City schools are still closed after two weeks.

In news about health, scientists in California report findings of a relationship between the drinking of coffee and increase of heart disease among women. According to the report in American Medical Journal, the five-year study shows this: Women who drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than women who do not.

In sports, the Chargers lost again last night. The Wingers had better results. They beat the Rifles 7 to 3. It was their first win in their last five matches.

That's the news of the Hour. And now back to more easy listening with Jane Singer.

To improve the ties between China and the U. S. and Western Europe, China ______.

A．will send a group of Chinese scientists to pay a visit to the U.S. and Western Europe

B．will send some scientists to visit U.S. and the Western Europe

C．has expressed its strong wishes

D．has given many reports to improve the ties

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第2题

How Personalities and Behaviors are Formed？ 1. People have wondered for a long time h

How Personalities and Behaviors are Formed？

1. People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and .behaviors are formeD．It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.

2. Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developeD．As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as "nature vs. nurture".

3. Those who support the nature side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior. patterns are largely determined by biological (生理学的) factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior. is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior. is pre- determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.

4. Those who support the "nurture" theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B． F． Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior. is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli (刺激) as the basis of their behavior.

5. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories. Supporters of the "nature" theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determineD．Needless to say, they don't believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristiC．On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels ate the product of our experience. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses experience greater intellectual development.

第 23 题 Paragraph 1__________

A．Environment is important

B．Two approaches are different from each other

C．How personalities and behaviors are formed

D．Our personalities and behavior. patterns are largely determined by biological factors

E．We want to explain the behaviors

F．The "nature" theory is better than the "nurture" theory

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第3题

Who will take over Mr. Smith's position in the future？A．His two sons.B．His daughter.C．He h

Who will take over Mr. Smith's position in the future？

A．His two sons.

B．His daughter.

C．He has no idea yet.

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第4题

One way that scientists learn about man is by studying animals, such as mice and monke

ys.科学家了解人类的一种方法是研究如老鼠、猴子这样的动物。The scientists in this laboratory are

experimenting on mice. They are studying the relationship between diet and health. At this time, over one hundred experiments are being done in this laboratory.

In one of these experiments, the scientists are studying the relationship between the amount of food the mice eat and their health. The mice are in three groups. All three groups are receiving the same healthy diet. But the amount of food that each group is receiving is different. The first group is eating one cup of food each day, the second group is eating two cups, and the third group of mice is eating three cups.

After three years, the healthiest group is the one that is only eating one cup of food each day. The mice in this group are thinner than normal mice. But they are more active. Most of the day, they are running, playing with one another, and using the equipment in their cages. Also, they are living longer. Mice usually live for two years. Most of the mice in this group are still alive after three years.

The second group of mice is normal weight. They are healthy, too. They are active, but not as active as the thinner mice. But they are only living about two years, not the three years or more of the thinner mice.

The last group of mice is receiving more food than the other two groups. Most of the day, these mice are eating or sleeping. They are not very active. These mice are living longer than the scientists thought - about a year and a half. But they aren't as healthy. They're sick more often than the other two groups.

(1)、The scientists in the laboratory are studying the relationship between the amount of food and diet.

A：T

B：F

(2)、The first two groups are receiving the most food.

A：T

B：F

(3)、The first group is the thinnest because they do not have a healthy diet.

A：T

B：F

(4)、Normal mice usually live for two years.

A：T

B：F

(5)、The text tells us that people who eat less and exercise more will live longer.

A：T

B：F

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第5题

Scientists are learning more about our need for sleep. Most people sleep 【26】______ eight

hours each night. 【27】______ people sleep more than 【28】______ and others sleep as 【29】______ as two or three hours each night. Scientists do not know exactly 【30】______ some people sleep more than others. Dr. Ernest Hartman has a(an) 【31】______ about this. He believes that the 【32】______ of sleep depends on how a person 【33】______ problems. He said people who need only a few 【34】______ sleep usually are people who have much energy and make good use of 【35】______ to get their work to be done quickly. 【36】______ he said many people who sleep longer than normal do creative work and seem to need 【37】______ dreaming time to find solution 【38】______ emotional problems. Some scientists agree 【39】______ this idea and others dispute.

To determine the 【40】______ of the lack of sleep, scientists have put 【41】______ through a set of psychological and performance tests 【42】______ them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recite a passage read to them only minutes earlier, "We've found that if you're in sleep 【43】______ , performance suffers," says Dr. David. "Short-term memory is 【44】______ , 【45】______ are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."

【26】

A．for

B．at

C．in

D．since

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第6题

听力原文： China has agreed to share 20 virus samples from poultry killed by bird flu, in a

n effort to help scientists trying to develop a vaccine, the WHO said. WHO officials in Beijing said Chinese authorities had granted WHO's request for up to 20 live samples, which will be analyzed in international laboratories to improve understanding of the killer virus.

The two sides are working out the logistics, including how to ship the samples and which lab they will go to. The shipment is "significantly larger" than the last one China provided, which consisted of five live viruses from poultry in 2004.

WHO enjoyed good cooperation with China's Ministry of Health, which has shared viruses from human cases, but confronted problems trying to convince the Ministry of Agriculture to share samples.

Through negotiations, the two sides worked out an arrangement that will give the scientists due credit and involve them in subsequent research whenever possible.

WHO officials expressed the hope that the agreement could open the way for more regular sharing of viruses, which is important to determine the different types of strains of the deadly bird flu virus that exist and how they affect humans differently.

China has reported 34 outbreaks among poultry since the beginning of last year and 15 confirmed human cases of bird flu, resulting in 10 deaths.

The virus has killed more than 100 people worldwide since 2003, mostly in Asia. It has spread from Asia to Europe and Africa in recent months.

(4)

A．Humans.

B．Poultry.

C．Fish.

D．Monkeys.

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第7题

Women live longer than men because they are spoiled for choice. That is the startling conc

lusion of an international group of scientists who say they have found the cause of female longevity.

They say females have two separate cell lines in their bodies, while men have only one. Women in old age can "choose" the more robust (强壮的) of these lines and survive for many more years.

Why there should be such a persistent cross-cultural gap between the life spans of the sexes has baffled scientists until now. In a paper in the journal Blood, and reported in the current issue of New Scientist, researchers at Odense University in Denmark and Ulleval University Hospital in Norway point to a key difference in the sex-determining chromosomes (染色体) found in the cells of men and women.

Every cell in a woman's body has two X chromosomes, one inherited from her mother and the other from her father. In each cell, one of these two X chromosomes is switched off. This means that a woman is a mosaic (混合体) of two cell lines: one derived from her father's X chromosome, the other from her mother's. By contrast, every cell in a man's body has an X and a Y chromosome, neither of which is turned off. He has only one cell line. This difference could be crucial in determining the long-term health of men and women, scientists concluded, and so they decided to examine cells taken from young women.

They found an even division between their two different lines. However, when they looked at elderly females they found their bodies now favoured one set of cells at the expense of the other line. "This suggests that one of the cell lines is 'better' than the other," say the researchers. In other words, women's bodies may select the more vigorous of the two cell lines and allow it to predominate the twilight of their years, giving them a crucial advantage over men, who have no chance of choosing the healthier of two sets of cells.

Women enjoy a longer life than men because______.

A．women are entitled to longevity

B．women are favoured by God

C．women are born to be so

D．women are spoiled in the world

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第8题

Scientists are learning more about our【C1】______ for sleep. Most people sleep【C2】______ ei

ght hours each night.【C3】______ people sleep more than【C4】______ and others sleep as【C5】______ as two or three hours each night.【C6】______ do not know exactly【C7】______ some people sleep more than others. Dr. Ernest Hartman has an idea about this. He believes the【C8】______ of sleep depends on how a person attacks problems. He said people who need only a few【C9】______ sleep usually are people who have much energy and make good use【C10】______ time to get their work【C11】______ quickly.【C12】______ he said many people who sleep longer than normal de creative work and seem to need【C13】______ dreaming time to find【C14】______ to emotional problems. Some scientists agree with this idea and others dispute.

To determine the【C15】______ of the lack of sleep, scientists have put subjects【C16】______ a set of psychological and performance tests【C17】______ them, for instance,【C18】______ columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier, "We've found that if you're in sleep deficit (缺乏), performance suffers," says Dr. David. "Short-term memory is【C19】______ , as are abilities to【C20】______ decisions and to concentrate."

【C1】

A．request

B．need

C．want

D．fancy

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第9题

听力原文：Being bilingual produces changes in the anatomy of the brain, scientists said rec

听力原文： Being bilingual produces changes in the anatomy of the brain, scientists said recently. They said that could explain why children are so much better than adults at mastering a second language.

They found that people who speak two languages have more grey matter in the language region of the brain. Grey matter in the brain is made up of neurons, or nerve cells. The earlier people learned the language, the larger the grey area.

"The grey matter in this region increases in bilingual people compared to monolingual people. This is particularly true in people who learned a second language early in life," said Andrea Mechelli, a neuroscientist at University College London.

Learning another language after 35 years of age also alters the brain but the change is not as great as in early learners.

"It reinforces the idea that it is better to learn early rather than late because the brain is more capable of adjusting or accommodating new languages by changing structurally," Mechelli said. "This ability of the brain decreases with time."

Mechelli's team used structural brain images to compare the size of the grey matter in the brains of 25 monolingual people, 25 people who learned a second language before the age of five, and 33 late bilingual people.

However, the scientists do not know whether the change in bilingual people means there is an increase in the size of the cells, the number of cells or the connections between them.

(34)

A．Brain structure and mechanism.

B．Foreign language learning ability.

C．People's brain and second language learning.

D．Similarities and differences between adults and children in language learning.

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第10题

The Iceman On a September day in 1991，two Germans were climbing the mountains between Aust

The Iceman

On a September day in 1991，two Germans were climbing the mountains between Austria and Italy． High up on a mountain pass，they found the body of a man lying on the ice．At that height(10,499 feet， or 3,200 meters)，the ice is usually permanent，but 1991 had been an especially warm year．The mountain ice had melted more than usual and so the body had come to the surface．

It was lying face downward．The skeleton(骨架)was in perfect condition，except for a wound in the head．There was still skin on the bones and the remains of some clothes．The hands were still holding the wooden handle of an ax and on the feet there were very simple leather and cloth boots．Nearby was a pair of gloves made of tree bark(树皮)and a holder for arrows．

Who was this man？ How and when had he died？ Everybody had a different answer to these questions．Some people thought that it was from this century，perhaps the body of a soldier who died in World War I，since several soldiers had already been found in the area．A Swiss woman believed it might be her father，who had died in those mountains twenty years before and whose body had never been found．The scientists who rushed to look at the body thought it was probably much older，maybe even a thousand years old．

With modern dating techniques，the scientists soon learned that the Iceman was about 5,300 years old．Born in about 3300 B．C．，he lived during the Bronze Age in Europe．At first scientists thought he was probably a hunter who had died from an accident in the high mountains．More recent evidence，how ever，tells a different story．A new kind of X-ray shows an arrowhead still stuck in his shoulder．It left only a tiny hole in his skin，but it caused internal damage and bleeding．He almost certainly died from this wound，and not from the wound on the back of his head．This means that he was probably in sortie kind of a battle．It may have been part of a larger war，or he may have been fighting bandits．He may even have been a bandit himself．

By studying his clothes and tools，scientists have already learned a great deal from the Iceman about the times he lived in．We may never know the full story of how he died，but he has given us important clues to the history of those distant times．

The body of the Iceman was found in the mountains mainly because

A．two Germans were climbing the mountains．

B．the melted ice made him visible．

C．he was lying on the ice．

D．he was just on a mountain pass．

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第11题

Medicine AwardKicks off Nobel PrizeAnnouncements Two scientists who have wonpraise for res

Medicine Award Kicks off Nobel PrizeAnnouncements

Two scientists who have wonpraise for research into the growth of cancer cells could be candi-dates forthe Nobel Prize in medicine when the 2008 winners are presented on Monday,kicking off six days Nobel announcements.

Australian-born U. S. citizenElizabeth Blackburn and American Carol Greider have already won a series ofmedical honors for their enzyme research and experts say they could be amongthe front-run-ners for Nobel.

Only seven women have wonthe medicine prize since the first Nobel Prizes were handed out in 1901. Thelast female winner wasU. S.researcher Linda Buck in 2004, who shared the prize with Richard Axel.

Among the pair's possiblerivals are Frenchman Pierre Chambon and Americans Ronald Evans and ElwoodJensen, who opened up the field of studying proteins called nuclear hormonereceptors.

As usual, the awardcommittee is giving no hints about who is in the running before presenting itsdecision in a news conference at Stockholm'sKarolinska Institute.

Alfred Nobel, the Swede who invented dynamite,established the prizes in his will in the catego- ries of medicine, physics,chemistry, literature and peace. The economics prize is technically not a No-bel but a 1968 creation ofSweden'scentral bank.

Nobel left few instructions on how to selectwinners, but medicine winners are typically awarded for a specific breakthroughrather than a body of research.

Hans Jornvall, secretary ofthe medicine prize committee, said the lo million kronor (US $ 1. 3 million)prize encourages groundbreaking research but he did not think winning it wasthe primary goal for scientists.

"Individual researchersprobably don't look at themselves as potential Nobel Prize winners when they're at work," Jornvall told The Associated Press. "They get theirkicks from their research and their interest in how life functions. "

In 2006, Blackburn, of the University of California,San Francisco, and Greider, of Johns Hop- kins Universityin Baltimore, shared the Lasker prize for basicmedical research with Jack Szostak of Harvard Medical School. Their work setthe stage for research suggesting that cancer cells use telom- erase to sustaintheir uncontrolled growth.

Who is Not a likely candidate for this year's Nobel Prize in medicine？

A.Elizabeth Blackburn

B.Carol Greider

C.Linda Buck

D.Pierre Chambon

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