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It is because of HIV/AIDS that the supply of young graduates are drying up.
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
答案
更多“It is because of HIV/AIDS that the supply of young graduates are drying up.A．YB．NC．NG”相关的问题
第1题
A. Because the drug is not strong enough to kill all of the HIV in the body.g. Because there may not be a susceptibility test before usingthe drug.
B. Because other drugs are not present to kill the virus particles that survive nevirapine.
C. Because there are too many mutations of HIV for nevirapine to deal with.
第2题
第3题
The researchers were disappointed because ______.
A．the vaccines haven't shown any effect on volunteers in Thailand
B．the vaccines didn't stop the HIV infection on those who were vaccinated
C．the vaccines were strongly rejected by the people in Thailand
D．the vaccines' effects is waiting to be verified at conference in Paris
第4题
根据材料回答{TSE}题：
{TS}All patients in the study refuse to receive any treatment because of the possibility to exposetheir HIV status.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
第5题
Privacy Worry May Keep HIV Patients from Therapy
Patients infected with HIV are often concerned about the confidentiality of their HIV-positive status. In fact, some patients are so worried that they will actually give up treatment to prevent the release of this information, according to a report published in the August issue of AIDS Care.
Dr. Kathryn Whetten-Goldstein and colleagues from Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, studied the confidentiality issues of 15 HIV-infected patients from rural North Carolina locations. They were divided into groups designed to explore their attitudes toward, and experiences with, breaches in confidentiality.
"The fear of a breach in confidentiality is definitely affecting the care that HIV-infected patients receive," Whetten-Goldstein said. "Most studied patients had experienced or knew someone who had experienced a breach in confidentiality."
"Two types of breaches occurred," Whetten-Goldstein noted. "The first was a more obvious type of breach. One example was a nurse who told her child that her patient was HIV-positive out of concern that her child would play with the patient's child."
"The other type of breach was more subtle, one that providers might not consider breaches," Whetten-Goldstein explained. "This type of breach involves providers talking about a patient's HIV status without the patient's knowledge of the interaction."
"The law allows the sharing of information between providers within the same institution, but patient's consent must be obtained before providers at different institutions can share information," she pointed out.
"Patients in the study wanted providers to tell them when they are going to share information with other providers and why it is being done," Whetten-Goldstein said. "They also felt that providers should be punished when a breach occurs."
"However, because patients are often reluctant to seek legal action which may further expose their status, they felt that the system should regulate itself," she added.
All patients in the study refuse to receive any treatment because of the possibility to expose their HIV status.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
第6题
Once-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV Treatment
Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill. Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/ AIDS, for example, are all treated with (51) of drugs. But that can mean a lot of pills to take. It would be (52) if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day.
Now, two companies say they have done that for people just (53) treatment for HIV, the virus, that causes AIDS. The companies are Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences. They have (54) a single pill that combines three drugs currently on the market. Bristol-Myes Squibb sells one of them (55) the name of Sustiva. Gilead combined the (56) , Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill in two thousand four.
Combining drugs involves more than (57) issues. It also involves issues of competition (58) the drugs are made by different companies. The new once-daily pill is the result of (59) is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of HIV.
In January the New England Journal of Medicine published a study of the new pill. Researchers compared its (60) to that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir. Combivir (61) two drugs, AZT and 3TC. The researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with (62) side effects. Gilead paid for the study. Professor Joel Gallant at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, led the research.
Glaxo Smith Kine reacted (63) the findings by saying that a single study is of limited value. It says the effectiveness of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies.
The price of the new once-daily pill has not been announced. But Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. They plan in the next few months to ask the United States Food and Drug Administration to (64) the new pill.
There are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. For example, (65) women are told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders. Experts say more that forty million people around the world are living with HIV.
(51)
A．conservation
B．cooperation
C．combinations
D．considerations
第7题
根据下面材料，回答题。
Privacy Worry May Keep HIV Patients from Therapy
Patients infected with HIV are often concerned about the confidentiality of their HIV-positive status. In fact, some patients are so worried that they will actually give up treatment to prevent the release of this information, according to a report published in the August issue of AIDS Care.
Dr. Kathryn Whetten-Goldstein and colleagues from Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, studied the confidentiality issues of 15 HIV-infected patients from rural North Carolina locations. They were divided into groups designed to explore their attitudes toward, and experiences with, breaches in confidentiality.
"The fear of a breach in confidentiality is definitely affecting the care that HIV-infected patients receive," Whetten-Goldstein said. "Most studied patients had experienced or knew someone who had experienced a breach in confidentiality."
"Two types of breaches occurred, " Whetten-Goldstein noted. "The first was a more obvious type of breach. One example was a nurse who told her child that her patient was HIV-positive out of concern that her child would play with the patient&39;s child."
"The other type of breach was more subtle, one that providers might not consider breaches, " Whetten-Goldstein explained. "This type of breach involves providers talking about a patient&39;s HIV status without the patient&39;s knowledge of the interaction."
"The law allows the sharing of information between providers within the same institution, but patient&39;s consent must be obtained before providers at different institutions can share information,"she pointed out.
"Patients in the study wanted providers to tell them when they are going to share information with other providers and why it is being done," Whetten-Goldstein said. "They also felt that providers should be punished when a breach occurs."
"However, because patients are often reluctant to seek legal action which may further expose their status, they felt that the system should regulate itself," she added.
All patients in the study refuse to receive any treatment because of the possibility to expose their HIV status. 查看材料
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
第8题
The Safeness of IUDs for HIV-positive Women
1. Women infected with the most common form. of HIV may safely use the intrauterine device (IUD) for contraception, provided they see a doctor regularly, new study findings suggest.
2. World Health Organization guidelines currently state that, in general, HIV-infected women should avoid IUDs. "Those guidelines were essentially made on theoretical concerns, and there are really very little data on what contraceptive is appropriate for HIV-infected women," said the lead author Dr. Charles S. Morrison in North Carolina.
3. Morrison and colleagues gathered information on IUD-related complications at 1, 4 and 24 months after placement of the device in 636 women living in Nairobi, Kenya. Of these women, 156 had HIV infection. Participating physicians did not know the patients' HIV status. There was "little difference in any side effects in HIV-infected women compared with HIV-uninfected women, suggesting that the IUD is likely an appropriate method for HIV-infected women," Morrison said. "This is an important issue, because there are now 16 million women living with HIV and a lot of them have a critical need for contraception," he added.
4. The researchers did find that women with infections such as gonorrhea or chlamydia at the study's outset were at increased risk of IUD complications, confirming current guidelines suggesting that women with sexually transmitted diseases not use IUDs.
5. In addition, there was no difference in the amount of virus the HIV-positive women were releasing from their cervix, or shedding8, at the beginning of the study compared with 4 months after the IUD was inserted, the researchers reported in the August issue of the British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Conversely, some studies have shown a relationship between increased cervical HIV shedding and the use of oral contraceptives.
6. "What this study suggests is that you need to avoid IUD use in women with a cervical infection but not women with HIV infection," Morrison said. "Women with cervical infections are at increased risk of complications; women with HIV infection are not."
A. Morrison's Survey and Findings
B. Comments on Current Guidelines
C. The Relation of Sexually Transmitted Diseases to IUD Complications
D. The Concrete Contents of Current Guidelines
E. A Conclusion of Morrison's Study
F. The Relationship Between Cervical HIV Shedding and Using IUDs
Paragraph 2 ______
第9题
HIV and Its Transmission
Research has revealed a great deal of valuable medical, scientific, and public health information about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The ways in which HIV can be transmitted have been clearly identified. Unfortunately, false information or statements that are not supported by scientific findings continue to be shared widely through the Internet or popular press. Therefore, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has prepared this fact sheet to correct a few misperceptions about HIV.
How HIV Is Transmitted
HIV is spread by sexual contact with an infected person, by sharing needles (primarily for drug injection) with someone who is infected, or, less commonly, through transfusions of infected blood or blood clotting factors (凝血因子). Babies born to HIV-infected women may become infected before or during birth or through breast-feeding after birth.
Some people fear that HIV might be transmitted in other ways; however, no scientific evidence supporting any of these fears has been found. If HIV were being transmitted through other routes (such as through air, water, or insects), the pattern of reported AIDS cases would be much different from what has been observed. For example, if mosquitoes could transmit HIV infection, many more young children and preadolescents would have been diagnosed with AIDS.
All reported cases suggesting new or potentially unknown routes of transmission are thoroughly investigated by state and local health departments with the assistance, guidance, and laboratory support from CDC. No additional routes of transmission have been recorded, despite a national sentinel (监测) system designed to detect just such an occurrence.
The following paragraphs specifically address some of the common misperceptions about HIV transmission.
HIV in the Environment
Scientists and medical authorities agree that HIV does not survive well in the environment, making the possibility of environmental transmission remote. HIV is found in varying concentrations or amounts in blood, semen (精液), vaginal (阴道的) fluid, breast milk, saliva (唾液), and tears. To obtain data on the survival of HIV, laboratory studies have required the use of artificially high concentrations of laboratory-grown virus. Since the HIV concentrations used in laboratory studies are much higher than those actually found in blood or other specimens, drying of HIV-infected human blood or other body fluids reduces the theoretical risk of environmental transmission to that which has been observed—essentially zero. Incorrect interpretation of conclusions drawn from laboratory studies has unnecessarily alarmed some people.
Results from laboratory studies should not be used to assess specific personal risk of infection because: (1) The amount of virus studied is not found in human specimens or elsewhere in nature, and (2) no one has been identified as infected with HIV due to contact with an environmental surface. Additionally, HIV is unable to reproduce outside its living host except under laboratory conditions. Therefore, it does not spread or maintain infectiousness outside its host.
Households
Although HIV has been transmitted between family members in a household setting, this type of transmission is very rare. These transmissions are believed to have resulted from contact between skin or mucous membranes (黏膜) and infected blood. To prevent even such rare occurrences, precautions should be taken in all settings "including the home" to prevent exposure to the blood of persons who are HIV infected, at risk for HIV infection, or whose infection and risk status are unknown, For example.
Gloves should be worn during contact with blood or other body fluids that could possibly contain vis
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第10题
Among the devastating consequences of AIDS has 【21】______ its epidemic spread in the developing world. The disease has caused 【22】______ suffering, debilitation, loss of life and disruption of family, social and economic 【23】______ Because of the considerable expense and logistical difficulty in providing antiviral drugs to populations 【24】______ with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus 【25】______ the world, the biomedical community is looking towards vaccines to help solve this compelling problem.
The search for an AIDS vaccine began more than 15 years ago with great 【26】______ and high expectations. With the 【27】______ of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) as the cause of AIDS, it seemed that a 【28】______ would follow closely behind. But despite a large concerted effort, the problem has proven more difficult than 【29】______ , and progress has not 【30】______ the 【31】______ hopes. Here I review the 【32】______ scientific obstacles confronting the development of an effective HIV vaccine, and I consider 【33】______ strategies to overcome these obstacles.
It is instructive to consider the circumstances that have 【34】______ to past successes in vaccine development. The smallpox vaccine is 【35】______ the most successful inventions in the history of 【36】______ Why, 200 years ago, without the benefit of modern biotechnology, did the smallpox vaccine succeed so readily while an AIDS vaccine 【37】______ elusive？ The answer lies in an experiment of nature that provided, to an astute observer, a clear direction for smallpox vaccine development. In this classic story of 【38】______ discovery, Edward Jennet noticed that milk maids who had previously contracted cowpox were 【39】______ to smallpox infection. This observation was the critical event leading to the finding that the cowpox virus cross-reacted immunologically with the smallpox virus and could 【40】______ be used to protect against smallpox.
【21】
A．on
B．with
C．been
D．about
