How many needles are used during an Operation to keep the patient from feeling pain？

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发布时间：2020-09-17

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第1题

Western tattooists work with a special electrical instrument, something like a dentist’s d

rill. It holds a number of very fine needles, which, for the purpose of reproducing the approved drawing, are dipped, in black ink. When the current is switched on, and the instrument passed rapidly over the outline, the action of the needles drives the ink into the skin. The tattooist is constantly wiping away excess ink as he works. This is where skill is so important, for the speed of the instrument means that he must work rapidly over lines which are almost permanently covered over.

The basic drawing then has to be colored in, using the same method but with non-poisonous paint now replacing the ink. The average tattoo contains four or five colors, each injected with a separate instrument. How many needles are used each time will depend on the area to be covered, but it is possible to use as many as ten or twelve, giving up to 3,000 injections a minute. Filling in is a lengthier process than outlining, and, since most people find half an hour under the needles quite enough, a major tattoo can take a number of visits to complete. Every visit will leave the skin sere and stinging, and to prevent infection the area is finally treated with an antiseptic cream and covered with a dressing. After a few days it finally heals over, leaving the new tattoo clearly visible under the skin.

And there it stays, for, as those who get tattooed and then third better of it soon discover, getting rid of the tattoo is a far more difficult business than getting it. The tattooist is powerless to undo what he has done and can only refer unhappy customers to their doctors who, no matter how sympathetic, are able to offer little encouragement. Removing a tattoo, if it can be done at all, has to be by one of two methods, neither of them pleasant or even completely satisfactory, The first is by surgery and skin replacement, an operation which leaves permanent marks. The other possibility is to re-tat-too over the offending design with a special acidbased substance which absorbs the colors as it goes. This is a painful and lengthy process which, though less expensive than private surgery, is still quite costly." Tattooing is a thorn in the side of the medical profession", is the view of one Harley Street skin specialist. He receives a constant stream of enquiries about removal, but in most cases the expense and discomfort of having it done make people decide to go on living with their unwanted designs." Patients have to want it very much go to through with it ," he says. "Those who do are usually the ones who find that they are refused jobs, or cannot get advancement because their hands are decorated."

This is such a common event that responsible tattooists refuse to work on areas which cannot normally be covered up." The trouble is that most people don’t think about it until it’s too late." says one tattooist who had his own hands mooed some years ago, and freely admits to regretting it." I realize now that it looks in bad taste."

The fine needles are used ______ .

A．to make the first rough outline

B．to finish the rough outline

C．to make the approved drawing

D．to ink in the rough outline

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第2题

Before a large-scale tattoo is finished, the customer may ______.A．have had half an hour u

Before a large-scale tattoo is finished, the customer may ______.

A．have had half an hour under the needles

B．have had as many as ten or twelve needles used on him

C．have had to go several times to the tattooist

D．have had been give up to 3000 injections

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第3题

Surgery is the branch of medicine that deals with the treatment of disease, deformities

, or injuries by operations. The doctor who performs the operation is called a surgeon. Every physician has some training in surgery and is qualified to perform. simple operations. But surgeons are specially trained so that they have the judgment and skill to perform. complicated operations.

2. Modern surgery stresses accurate diagnosis of the disease and proper care of the patient before and after the operation. Thus, the surgeon not only needs to know how to perform. an operation, but also must have a wide knowledge of anatomy, physiology, chemistry, and pathology. Five to eight years of training after medical school are necessary for physicians to qualify as surgeons.

3. A surgical operation is complicated. Many people, medicines, equipment, and techniques help assure the greatest possible safety and comfort for the patient. The elimination of pain, the prevention of infection, and advanced means of diagnosis are all part of modern surgery. A qualified surgical team is essential to the success of both the operation and the patient' s recovery. This team usually consists of a surgeon, at least one assistant, an anesthesiologist, and one or more nurses.

4. A surgeon uses many instruments in the course of an operation. These instruments include holders for needles and sponges, clamps to close off blood vessels, and retractors to hold back folds of skin. Sharp instruments include scissors and scalpels. Since the 1970' s, lasers have been used to make delicate cuts in body tissues. Doctors use the high- energy light of the laser to cut tissue by burning fine lines in the skin or other organs.

5. A surgeon can remove a long section of diseased intestine and sew the remaining intestinal sections together. The body will function normally after the operation. A kidney, or even a major part of the stomach, can be removed by an operation. In heart surgery, a doctor may replace one of the heart valves with an artificial one. Extensive surgery on the lungs and ribs is often part of the treatment of cancer. Sometimes an en- tire diseased lung is removed. A neurosurgeon can remove brain tumors and repair head injuries. Transplanting organs involves taking a healthy organ from one person and using it to replace the diseased organ in another person. The kidney is a commonly transplant- ed organ. The transplanted tissue must closely match that of the patient, or the patient' s body will reject the new organ.

6. In microsurgery, the surgeon operates while viewing the procedure through a microscope or magnifying glass. This technique enables physicians to perform. operations on some of the tiniest body structures. For example, surgeons can rejoin extremely small blood vessels and nerves by using this technique. Such surgery has led to the successful reattachment of severed fingers, hands, and even arms and legs. Doctors also use micro- surgery to operate on the delicate structures in the eye, the kidney, the brain, and many other parts of the body.

A. Modern techniques enable the surgeon to operate successfully upon all parts of the human body

B. Surgeons are especially trained so that they are skill- fully qualified for the performance of complicated operations

C. An entire stomach can not be removed even in modem surgery

D. The various mechanical instruments used in the course of a surgical operation

E. For a physician requires eight years of training in a medical school

F. The elimination of pain, the prevention of infection, and advanced means, of diagnosis are prerequisites to the success of an operation

Paragraph 2 ______

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第4题

How many types can the packing be classified into？

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第5题