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更多“Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depend”相关的问题
第1题
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends up on the amount, reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context: they provide a quick, objective method of getting some kind of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information~ Whether to use tests; other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the empirical evidence concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
In general, the tests work most effectively when the traits or qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined(for example, ability to do well in a particular course of training pro gram)and least effectively when what is to be measured of predicted cannot be well defined, for example, personality or creativity. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people~ Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized.
In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with ______.
A．the necessity of standardized tests
B．the validity of standardized tests
C．the method used in interpreting the results of standardized tests
D．the theoretical grounds of standardized tests
第2题
？Read the article below about marketing.
？Choose the best word or phrase to fill each gap from A, B, C, or D on the opposite page.
？For each question 19--33, mark one letter (A, B, C, or D) on your Answer Sheet.
Marketing
Mergers agencies find out whether there is a demand for a product and what sort of demand it is. They will want to know if there are competitors to the product they are going to place; who will use it--men, women, or both; will there be only one section of men or women who will use it, would a low price (19) more customers, or would they need to add something to it to make it popular, or change its packaging— (20) it？ For the (21) to these and other questions they will make a survey--an examination--of the market. The survey most people are (22) with is the questionnaire; where a (23) --a specially selected group of people--are asked questions about products they use: and why they buy them. But market research techniques can be more complicated than this, (24) for example, a group of people discussing a subject, say, (25) hygiene, to find out if a new toothpaste will sell. Tests may be made by giving away (26) samples of the new product, or reactions to a brand name--the name of a product--may be studied to find out whether a new product will be (27) on the market. From the information (28) , the marketing companies can prepare their advertising campaign--the (29) plan.
There are two types of advertising--product and brand advertising. Product advertising tells people that a new invention or device is being sold. Perhaps a new design of typewriters with special (30) or a new pen that is easier to use. Brand advertising tells people there is a new name on the (31) . A product, what it does, and how it is made, could be the same as (32) , for example, soap powder, but its name is different. In the UK there are basically (33) two detergent, or soap companies which produce hundreds of brand names for powders that are really the same product.
(19)
A．attract
B．cater
C．frighten
D．apply
第3题
From tests, students can know whether they have made progress or not.
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第4题
Have standards declined？ There is no objective way of answering this question. Tests of the traditional sort— compositions, pr6cis writing, and so on—have always been subjective, so they cannot be used to judge whether people have got better or not over the years. But so-called objective tests are useless as a measure of progress too. They have not been used consistently in the same "concentration" over the period they have been in use, so there is no way of comparing exams "now" and "then". Moreover, usually in the form. of multiple choice questions, they do not, by and large, test the things that really count in mastering a language. Even comprehension is a partly "creative" activity in real life, as we have to think of possible meanings for ourselves rather than have them suggested for us from outside. And people can be trained in the techniques of multiple choice, while others fail the tests because they have been led astray precisely by their "suggestive" nature, so they are not really objective at all. We are left with only personal impression to go on.
My own is that, if anything, standards have declined somewhat in the last thirty or forty years, despite all the new theories, tools and techniques that have been developed. I am not alone in this judgment In Sweden, for instance, Professors Johannes Hedberg and Gu.slav Kofien, two of the most experienced workers in the field; have on several occasions drawn attention to the lack of progress in the teaching of foreign languages since the late fifties. Yet Sweden is a sophisticated society with extremely high educational and academic standards, and very concerned not to be cut off from the rest of the world. If such a country cannot achieve advances in the study of foreign languages, it is unlikely that many, if any, others have done so.
Japan is another community where remarkably little progress has been made in the learning of English. It is probably as important for Japan as for Sweden to master that language, and there is much academic effort put into linguistic research of various kinds. Yet the average standard of language learning is abysmally low, particularly for such a highly literate and educated society. This is no doubt in part the result of a vicious circle: many of the professors of English at Japanese universities are themselves incapable of speaking or writing or even understanding the language well.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage？
A．Multiple choice questions are objective because people cannot be trained any techniques.
B．Sweden emphasizes the teaching of English without paying attention to other countries.
C．We have to depend on our own impression to judge the English standards.
D．Compositions are useful to test people's English ability because people have to write out their viewpoints.
第5题
Testing Times
Researchers are working on ways to reduce the need for animal experiments, but new laws may increase the number of experiments needed.
The current situation
In an ideal world, people would not perform. experiments on animals. For the people, they are expensive. For the animals, they are stressful and often painful.
That ideal world, sadly, is still some way away. People need new drugs and vaccines. They want protection from the toxicity of chemicals. The search for basic scientific answers goes on. Indeed, the European Commission is forging ahead with proposals that will increase the number of animal experiments carried out in the European Union, by requiring toxicity tests on every chemical approved for use within the union's borders in the past 25 years.
Already, the commission has identified 140,000 chemicals that have not yet been tested. It wants 30,000 of these to be examined right away, and plans to spend between ~ 4 billion — 8 billion ($5 billion—10 billion) doing so. The number of animals used for toxicity testing in Europe will thus, experts reckon, quintuple (翻五倍) from just over lm a year to about 5m, unless they are saved by some dramatic advances in non-animal testing technology. At the moment, roughly 10% of European animal tests are for general toxicity, 35% for basic research, 45% for drugs and vaccines, and the remaining 10% a variety of uses such as diagnosing diseases.
Animal experimentation will therefore be around for some time yet. But the search for substitutes continues, and last weekend the Middle European Society for Alternative Methods to Animal Testing met in Linz, Austria, to review progress.
A good place to start finding alternatives for toxicity tests is the liver--the organ responsible for breaking toxic chemicals down into safer molecules that can then be excreted. Two firms, one large and one small, told the meeting how they were using human liver cells removed incidentally during surgery to test various substances for long-term toxic effects.
One way out of the problem
PrimeCyte, the small firm, grows its cells in cultures over a few weeks and doses them regularly with the substance under investigation. The characteristics of the cells are carefully monitored, to look for changes in their microanatomy.
Pfizer, the big firm, also doses its cultures regularly, but rather than studying individual cells in detail, it counts cell numbers. If the number of cells in a culture changes after a sample is added, that suggests the chemical in question is bad for the liver.
In principle, these techniques could be applied to any chemical. In practice, drugs (and, in the case of PrimeCyte, food supplements) are top of the list. But that might change if the commission has its way: those 140,000 screenings look like a lucrative market, although nobody knows whether the new tests will be ready for use by 2009, when the commission proposes that testing should start.
Other tissues, too, can be tested independently of animals. Epithelix, a small firm in Geneva, has developed an artificial version of the lining of the lungs. According to Huang Song, one of Epithelix's researchers, the firm's cultured cells have similar microanatomy to those found in natural lung linings, and respond in the same way to various chemical messengers. Dr. Huang says that they could be used in long-term toxicity tests of airborne chemicals and could also help identify treatments for lung diseases.
The immune system can be mimicked and tested, too. ProBioGen, a company based in Berlin, is developing an artificial human lymph node (淋巴结) which, it reckons, could have prevented the neardisastrous consequences of a drag trial held in Britain three months ago, in which (despite the drag having passed animal tests) six men suffered multiple organ failure and ne
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第6题
How to be a great test taker
Sometimes it seems that life is just one big test. Pop quizzes. Chapter tests. Final exams. The daunting national examinations for those planning to go to college. You can't even get your driver's license without passing a test.
"Tests are a part of life," says Judy S. Richardson, professor of reading at Virginia Common wealth University in Richmond, Virginia. "We take tests all of the time. I recently had to take one, even at my age, just to apply for a research grant. We may have to take them to apply for a job; or to joint the armed forces."
Importance of Tests
Tests are not just commonplace; they're also important. "Our society places an emphasis on test scores," says Maureen D. Gillette, associate dean of the College of Education at William Paterson University in New Jersey. "Most colleges and universities look at SAT or ACT tests as a measure of a student's potential for success in college. Students should realize that some people and institutions will make certain judgments about them, whether accurate or not, based on test scores."
Talk about pressure! With so much depending on the results, exams can be overwhelming. But they don't have to be. The right frame. of mind and the use of smart test-taking strategies can help any student succeed.
Benefits of Tests
Too often, people take a negative view of tests. Yet they actually have some positive features, according to Richardson. "Tests help us practice sharp, alert thinking," she says. "Answering test questions involves more than knowing a specific, literal answer. It also means knowing how to read between the lines, and then apply it to a situation. That is what we are expected to do every day, and so tests may help us be ready for that daily experience."
Goals of Test-taking
In addition to these benefits, though, the primary goal in test taking is to do well. For some students, the objective might be a passing score. For others, the desired outcome might be an A grade. But what is the best guarantee of doing well in the testing process？
Proper Preparation
The most basic factor, experts agree, is preparation. "Always be prepared for the test," Richardson advises. "Take notes, ask questions, read the material, guess what the teacher will be asking. Then when you see the test, you will have a confident reaction. You will be able to think clearly and do better on the test."
On the other hand, failing to prepare is the biggest mistake you can make. This may seem obvious. But in addition to lacking the necessary knowledge, lack of preparation can weaken your mental state.
"If you do not prepare all along, when you see the test, you may panic," Richardson notes. When fear creeps in, even the best student is unlikely to succeed.
Making Use of Your Materials
Preparing for exams can include a variety of strategies. At a minimum, any important material should be read at least once, and preferably more, until you have absorbed the main points. Simply scanning over textbooks or notes is not enough.
"Reading it once is not studying," says Dr. Michael Epstein, professor of psychology at Rider University in New Jersey. He advocates taking a structured approach in which students review information both before a test and afterward.
Before taking an exam, you should commit important concepts to memory through focused study. Try using whatever memory techniques work best for you. This might mean writing notes, asking yourself questions and then answering them aloud, or employing clever memory devices.
Managing Time
Key to the process is time management. Don't assume you can wait until the last minute and then make up for lost study time. Rather, be sure to prepare in advance.
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第7题
People were given physical fitness tests in order to find out ________.
A) how ell they could do in athletics
B) what their health condition was like
C) what kind of fitness center was suitable for them
D) whether they were fit for aerobic exercise
第8题
Measuring Human Behavior
Psychological Testing is the measurement of some aspect of human behavior. by procedures consisting of carefully prescribed con tent, methods of administration, and interpretation. The test may address any aspect of intellectual or emotional functioning, including personality traits, attitudes, intelligence, or emotional concerns. Interpretation is based on a comparison of the individual's responses with those previously obtained to establish appropriate standards for the test scores. The usefulness of psychological tests depends on their accuracy in predicting behavior. By providing information about the probability of a person's responses or performance, tests aid in making a variety of decisions.
The primary drive behind the development of the major tests used today was the need for practical guidelines for solving social problems. The first useful intelligence test was prepared in 1905 by the French psychologists Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon. The two developed a 30item scale to ensure that no child could be denied instruction in the Paris school system without formal examination. In 1916, the American psychologist Lewis Terman produced the first Stanford Revision of the BinetSimon scale to provide comparison standards for Americans from age three to adulthood. The test was further revised in 1937 and 1960, and today the Stanford Binet remains one of the most widely used intelligence tests.
The need to classify soldiers during World War I resulted in the development of two group intelligence tests—Army Alpha and Army Beta. To help detect soldiers who might break down in combat, the American psychologist Robert Woodworth designed the Personal Data Sheet, a forerunner of the modern personality inventory. During the 1930s controversies over the nature of intelligence led to the development of the WechslerBellevue Intelligence Scale, which not only provided an index of general mental ability but also revealed patterns of intellectual strengths and weaknesses. The Wechsler tests now extend from the preschool through the adult age range and are at least as prominent as the StanfordBinet.
As interest in the newly emerging field of psychoanalysis grew in the 1930s, two important projective techniques introduced systematic ways to study unconscious motivation: the Rorschach or inkblot testdeveloped by the Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach—using a series of inkblots on cards, and a storytelling procedure called the Thematic Apperception Testdeveloped by the American psychologists Henry A. Murray and C. D. Morgan. Both of these tests are frequently included in contemporary personality assessment.
In educational settings, intelligence and achievement tests are administered routinely to assess individual accomplishment and to improve instruction and curriculum planning. Elementary schools use kindergarten and firstgrade screening procedures to determine readiness for reading and writing programs. Screening tests also identify developmental, visual, and auditory problems for which the child may need special assistance. If the child's progress in school is un usually slow, or if he or she shows signs of a learning disability or behavior. disorder, testing may clarify whether the difficulty is neurologically or emotionally based. Many high schools administer interest inventories and aptitude tests to assist in the students' educational or vocational planning.
In clinics or hospitals, psychological tests may be administered for purposes of diagnosis and treatment planning. Clinical tests can provide information about overall personality functioning and the need for psychotherapy; testing also may focus of some specific question, such as the presence or absence of organically based brain disorder. Clinical testing usually involves a battery of test, interpreted as a whole, to describe intellectual and emotional states. Dec
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第9题
【M1】
第10题
A．AIDS is a sign of moral failure and social collapse.
B．AIDS indicates that our social systems have been very inefficient.
C．The responses of a society to the threat of AIDS determines whether and to what extent the society can be called civilized.
D．The spreading of the fatal disease suggests that the nation's resources have been wrongly used.
