A) outset B) outbreak C) breakthroughD) breakdown

A、has been

B、would have been

C、had been

D、was

ould be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

hen they reach committee size.

A．The stimuli set them off... build collectively

B．The stimuli that set them off... building collectively

C．The stimuli setting them off... they build collectively

D．Being set off by stimuli... their building collectively

Which of the following statements is incorrect？______.

A．Debt instruments have a face value of the principal amount to be repaid at maturity.

B．Holders of equity usually take precedence over holders of debt instruments in a liquidation.

C．The interest payable on debt instruments is always specified at the outset of the loan.

D．Bonds are negotiable debt instruments.

the problem of gravity, since it had been evident to him from the outset that one thing missing from the special theory was gravity. What was "special" about the special theory was that it dealt with things moving in an essentially unimpeded state. But what happened when a thing in motion—light, above all— encountered an obstacle such as gravity？ It was a question that would occupy his thoughts for most of the next decade and lead to the publication in early 1917 of a paper entitled " Cosmological Considerations on the General Theory of Relativity. " The special theory of relativity of 1905 was a profound and important piece of work, of course, but as C. P. Snow once observed, if Einstein hadnt thought of it when he did someone else would have, probably within five years; it was an idea waiting to happen. But the general theory was something else altogether. "Without it," wrote Snow in 1979, "it is likely that we should still be waiting for the theory today. "

t an expression of the desire on the part of the American colonies to develop a type of intellectual freedom not prevalent in Europe. There was a further characteristic of the American common school which distinguished itself from its European predecessors. The school was, from the beginning, controlled by local authority. Communities were indeed compelled by early legislation in the colonies to maintain an educational institution of some kind for the young people, but the details of organization were left to the communities.

We find that there was the greatest variety in the method of controlling these schools. In New England the town meeting determined the policy of the school. It set the salary of the teacher, and very frequently went so far as to select the teacher, although it committee. This committee often included the pastor (牧师)of the church and one or more of the leading citizens.

One of the major difference between American and European schools was ______.

A．that American schools were colonial and therefore were under European control

B．that American schools desired to be expressive

C．that American schools emphasized the need of intellectual freedom

D．that American schools were for common citizens while European schools were for nobles

n as experiences of beauty, and whose soil is particularly favorite for the production of a crop called art works. This【M1】______ land of beauty and art has been visited numerous times by intrepid explorers, the aestheticians, who have given accounts more or less details, but always enthusiastic, of their discoveries. In most instances,【M2】______ however, the explorers met a cold reception on their returning home,【M3】______ while the reports of their findings were neither scorned or severely【M4】______ criticized. Now since we are about to venture into this apparently hazard region, it will be most advisable that we acquaint ourselves【M5】______ with that has been and is being said about the aestheticians and their【M6】______ findings, examine the charges, and see who is in fault, the explorers【M7】______ or their critics. There must be a misunderstanding somewhere, for among the explorers are some of the greatest minds of the ages, while their critics are men whose serious interest in art is beyond the【M8】______ question. We must take this step at the very outset of our own adventure in order to fortify ourselves for several risks and hazards【M9】______ that a mental journey of this sort entails. Our purpose, then, in examining the charges of the critics against the aestheticians is simply find out the better what the aestheticians are truly trying to do【M10】______ for us. An examination of the charges will reveal to us the nature and objectives of aesthetics as a field of study and investigation.

【M1】

The Safeness of IUDs for HIV-positive Women

1. Women infected with the most common form. of HIV may safely use the intrauterine device (IUD) for contraception, provided they see a doctor regularly, new study findings suggest.

2. World Health Organization guidelines currently state that, in general, HIV-infected women should avoid IUDs. "Those guidelines were essentially made on theoretical concerns, and there are really very little data on what contraceptive is appropriate for HIV-infected women," said the lead author Dr. Charles S. Morrison in North Carolina.

3. Morrison and colleagues gathered information on IUD-related complications at 1, 4 and 24 months after placement of the device in 636 women living in Nairobi, Kenya. Of these women, 156 had HIV infection. Participating physicians did not know the patients' HIV status. There was "little difference in any side effects in HIV-infected women compared with HIV-uninfected women, suggesting that the IUD is likely an appropriate method for HIV-infected women," Morrison said. "This is an important issue, because there are now 16 million women living with HIV and a lot of them have a critical need for contraception," he added.

4. The researchers did find that women with infections such as gonorrhea or chlamydia at the study's outset were at increased risk of IUD complications, confirming current guidelines suggesting that women with sexually transmitted diseases not use IUDs.

5. In addition, there was no difference in the amount of virus the HIV-positive women were releasing from their cervix, or shedding8, at the beginning of the study compared with 4 months after the IUD was inserted, the researchers reported in the August issue of the British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Conversely, some studies have shown a relationship between increased cervical HIV shedding and the use of oral contraceptives.

6. "What this study suggests is that you need to avoid IUD use in women with a cervical infection but not women with HIV infection," Morrison said. "Women with cervical infections are at increased risk of complications; women with HIV infection are not."

A. Morrison's Survey and Findings

B. Comments on Current Guidelines

C. The Relation of Sexually Transmitted Diseases to IUD Complications

D. The Concrete Contents of Current Guidelines

E. A Conclusion of Morrison's Study

F. The Relationship Between Cervical HIV Shedding and Using IUDs

Paragraph 2 ______

sidents of the reporting country and residents of the rest of the world during a given time period. The usual reporting period for all the statistics included in the accounts is a year. A good or bad set of figures can have an influential effect on the exchange rate and can lead policy makers to change the content of their economic policies. Deficits may lead to the government raising interest rate or reducing public expenditure to reduce expenditure on imports. Alternatively, deficits may lead to calls for protection against foreign imports or capital controls to defend the exchange rate.

A key definition that needs to be resolved at the outset is that of a domestic and foreign resident. It is important to note that citizenship and residency are not necessarily the same thing from the viewpoint of the balance of payments statistics. The term residents comprises individuals, households, firms and the public authorities. There are some problems that arise with respect to the definition of a resident. Multinational corporations are by definition resident in more than one country. For the purposes of balance - of - payments reporting the subsidiaries of a multinational are treated as being a resident in the country in which they are located even if their shares are actually owned by domestic residents. Another problem concerns the treatment of international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, United Nations and so forth. These institutions are treated as being foreign residents even though they may actually be located in the reporting country. For example although the International Monetary Fund is located in Washington, contributions by the US government to the Fund are included in the US balance -of-payments statistics because they are regarded as transactions with a foreign resident. Tourists are regarded as being foreign residents if they stay in the reporting country for less than a year.

The criterion for a transaction to be included in the balance of payments is that it must involve a transaction between a resident of the reporting country and a resident from the rest of the world. Purchases and sales between residents from the same country are excluded.

What is the balance of payments？

A．The balance of payments is a digital table of all the economic transactions between residents of the reporting country and residents of the rest of the world during a given time period.

B．The balance of payments is a figured table of all the economic transactions between residents of the reporting country and residents of the rest of the world during a given time period.

C．The balance of payments is a statistical record of all the economic transactions between residents of the reporting country and residents of the rest of the world during a given time period.

D．The balance of payments is a digital record of all the economic transactions between residents of the reporting country and residents of the rest of the world during a given time period.

s. Although such ventures are often exciting and profitable, the new entrepreneur should thoroughly investigate and plan the situation before plunging in. The first step should be to assemble a board of advisers, including a lawyer, an accountant, and an insurance representative. These individuals can provide valuable information and counsel. Securing the necessary licenses and permits is also a precondition and may require research to determine what is necessary.

Most successful small business owners have considerable knowledge in the area working for others be fore they become independent. They also begin with substantial financial backing and a good location. Renting space may be preferable or necessary at the start, but the lease on the building must be examined carefully before it is signed. The new owner should be thoroughly familiar with the market and the competition. A person who wants to buy an existing business can often learn the history of the company and its prospects from the owner's records. Once the business gets started, accurate and complete records should be kept to monitor the company's progress and profits.

Financing may be the most difficult step for small-business owners. They may rely on their own savings or borrow money from a bank or the Small Business Administration. Some suppliers will sell merchandise on credit, and manufacturers may be willing to finance the purchase of equipment. If the new business is a corporation, the owner may choose to sell stock.

Once the new business is started, the Small Business Administration is a good source of advice. Several of its programs are designed to help new owners with expertise of retired executives. A nearby university or trade association may also help owners locate local sources of help.

New business owners often report that they work long, hard hours but find the experience extremely satisfying. The realization that their efforts will produce actual results in the form. of profit, success, and pride can be quite motivating. Those who have worked for others enjoy the opportunity to make decisions and follow projects through to completion. Many report that hard work has never been so enjoyable before. Careful research, investigation, and planning at the outset do not guarantee success, but they provide a good foundation for the new small business and its owner.

Before you begin, the most necessary adviser for you is ______.

A．a retired executive

B．a bank officer

C．a lawyer

D．a professor of economics