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更多“Many historians admitted that the industrialization had greatly raised the standard of liv”相关的问题
第1题
Many historians wrote the Sacco and Vanzetti died for their political views, their______.
A．nationalism
B．progressivism
C．radicalism
D．communism
第2题
Nuclear power was so unpopular that some employees would ______ for the company.
A．not admit to working
B．admit not to working
C．not admit to work
D．admit not working
第3题
听力原文： I am delighted to see that we have such a full house for this afternoon's lecture. I can see by the overwhelming attendance that today's topic and the new exhibit are of interest to many in our community. The photographs, which are on loan from a number of local businesses and private collectors, trace the history of the area from its beginning as a small stop on a nineteenth-century railway line to its current status as a modern city. And that is what we have asked historian and storyteller Marc Wise to share with us today.
What does the speaker imply about the audience？
A．More guests are present than were expected.
B．Most of the guests are businesspeople.
C．Only historians will understand the talk.
D．Most of the guests arrived on time.
第5题
In the early 1950s,historians who studied pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the pre-industrial European population than the 2 or3 per cent who comprised the political and social elite' the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. One difficulty, however, was that few of the remaining 97 percent recorded their thoughts or had them chronicled by contemporaries. Faced with this situation, many historians based their investigations on the only records that seemed to exist: birth, marriage, and death records. As a result, much of the early work on the non-elite was aridly statistical in nature; reducing the vast majority of the population to a set of numbers was hardly more enlightening than ignoring them altogether. Historians still did not know what these people thought or felt.
One way out of this dilemma was to turn to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the non-elite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants. These documents have acted as" a point of entry into the mental world of the poor. "Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illustrated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. It has been societies that have had a developed police system and practiced Roman law, with its written depositions, whose court records have yielded the most data to historians. In Anglo-Saxon countries hardly any of these benefits obtain, but it has still been possible to glean information from the study of legal documents.
The extraction of case histories is not, however, the only use to which court records may be put. Historians who study pre-industrial Europe have used the records to establish a series of categories of crime and to quantify indictments that were issued over a given number of years. This use of the re cords does yield some information about the non-elite, but this information gives us little insight into the mental lives of the non-elite. We also know that the number of indictments in pre-industrial Europe bears little relation to the number of actual criminal acts, and we strongly suspect that the relationship has varied widely over time. In addition, aggregate population estimates are very shaky, which makes it difficult for historians to compare rates of crime per thousand in one decade of the pre-industrial period with rates in another decade. Given these inadequacies, it is clear why the case history Use of court records is to be preferred.
How is in the investigations carried out by historians in 1950s different from previous studies？
A．They had new findings.
B．They expanded the period defined as pre-industrial Europe.
C．They investigated the common people who took up the majority of the population.
D．The investigations were on the kings, generals ,judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates.
第6题
The West begun to take more notice of the East. (西方国家开始越来越关注东方国家)The fifth volume of an enormous work re-assessing the Chinese contribution to science and technology is to be published next year. The first volume, which was published twenty years ago, set the tone for the whole work. In it, evidence was given to show that many inventions which, until then, western historians had claimed for Europe, were made first in China. The attempt to rewrite the intellectual history of the world was not received without protest by some reputable historians. However, the evidence that has been presented so far in the first four volumes has persuaded many historians who were skeptical at first. China's invention of paper, printing, the magnetic compass and gunpowder has never been disputed, but this new history has added advanced bridge design, mechanical clocks, paddle boats and many other inventions to the list.
In the four volumes published so far no attempt has been made to explain why China has not kept up with the West in science and technology in modern times. It is probable that the answer is to be found in the social and economic history of China, where a static society under a relatively benevolent regime (仁慈的政体) of scholar-gentry (学者绅士) contrasts with the potentially revolutionary and dynamic society of the West at the end of the Middle Ages. In recent years, the Chinese government has been making every effort to catch up with the West again, and there is little doubt that the gap is being reduced year by year. But will China avoid the West's mistakes？
1.How many volumes have been published so far？
A.Five.
B.Four.
C.Three.
D.None.
2.What is special about the first volume？
A.It introduces the world intellectual history.
B.It introduces the history of Europe.
C.It demonstrates that the Chinese made many inventions.
D.It explains why China lags behind the west in science and technology.
3.In the first paragraph, the word “skeptical" means ______.
A.doubtful
B.worried
C.sad
D.angry
4.Which of the following inventions in NOT made by the Chinese？
A.Gunpowder.
B.Motor cars.
C.Paddle boats.
D.Bridge design.
5.The best title for this passage is ______.
A.Development of Science and Technology in China
B.Comparisons Between the East and the West
C.China Is Catching Up
D.China's Inventions
第7题
What do we learn about business schools in the last paragraph？
A.They are reluctant to admit to failing
B.They resent criticism of their academic journal
C.They used to be looked down on by other institution
D.They are comfortable with the current situatio
第8题
The history of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli(1444 —1510)suggests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticelli' s work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor of his fellows Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when anti-academic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predecessors, Botticelli' s work remained outside of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs.(Many of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure churches and private homes.)
The primary reason for Botticelli' s unpopularity is not difficult to understand: most observers, up until the mid-nineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most part, did not seem to these observers to exhibit the traditional characteristics of the fifteenth-century Florentine art. For example, Botticelli rarely employed the technique of strict perspective and, unlike Michelangelo, never used chiaroscuro.
Another reason for Botticelli' s unpopularity may have been that his attitude toward the style. of classical art was very different from that of his contemporaries. Although he was thoroughly exposed to classical art, he showed little interest in borrowing from, the classical style. Indeed, it is paradoxical that a painter of large-scale classical subjects adopted a style. that was. only slightly similar to that of classical art.
In any case, when viewers began to examine more closely the relationship of Botticelli' s work to the tradition of the fifteenth century Horentine art, his reputation began to grow. Analyses and assessments of Botticelli made between 1850 and 1870 by the artists of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as by the writer Pater(although he, unfortunately , based his assessment on an incorrect analysis of Botticelli' s personality), inspired a new appreciation of Botticelli throughout the English-speaking world. Yet Botticelli' s work, especially the Sistine frescoes, did not generate worldwide attention until it was finally subjected to a comprehensive and scrupulous analysis by Home in 1908. Home rightly demonstrated that the frescoes shared important features with paintings by other fifteenth-century Florentines—features such as skillful representation of anatomical proportions, and of the human figure in motion. However, Home argued that. Botticelli did not treat these qualities as ends in themselves—rather, that he emphasized clear depletion of a story, a unique achievement and one that made the traditional Florentine qualities less central.
Because of Home' s emphasis crucial to any study of art, the twentieth century has come to appreciate Botticelli' s a-chievements.
Which of the following would be the best title for the text？
A．The Role of Standard Art Analyses and Appraisals
B．Sandro Botticelli: From Rejection to Appreciation
C．The History of Critics' Responses to Art Works
D．Botticelli and Florentine: A Comparative Study
第9题
The history of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510) suggests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticelli's work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor of his fellows Florentine. Michelangelo. Even when anti-academic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predecessors, Botticelli'work remained outside of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs. (Many of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure churches and private homes. )
The primary reason for Botticelli's unpopularity is not difficult to understand：most observers, up until the mid-nineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most part. did not seem to these observers to exhibit the traditional characteristics of the fifteenth-century Florentine art. For example. Botticelli rarely employed the technique of strict perspective and, unlike Michelangelo, never used chiaroscuro.
Another reason for Botticelli's unpopularity may have been that his attitude toward the style. of classical art was very different from that of his contemporaries. Although he was thoroughly exposed to classical art. he showed little interest in borrowing from the classical style. Indeed, it is paradoxical that a painter of large-scale classical subjects adopted a style. that was only slightly similar to that of classical art.
In any case, when viewers began to examine more closely the relationship of Botticelli's work to the tradition of the fifteenth century Florentine art, his reputation began to grow. Analyses and assessments of Botticelli made between 1850 and 1870 by the artists of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as by the writer Pater(although he. unfortunately, based his assessment on an incorrect analysis of Botticelli's personality), inspired a new appreciation of Botticelli throughout the English-speaking world. Yet Botticelli's work, especially the Sistine frescoes. did not generate worldwide attention until it was finally subjected to 4 comprehensive and scrupulous analysis by Home in 1908. Home rightly demonstrated that the frescoes shared important features with paintings by other fifteenth-century Florentines—features such as skillful representation of anatomical proportions, and of the human figure in motion. However, Home argued that Botticelli did not treat these qualities as ends in themselves—rather. that he emphasized clear depletion of a story, a unique achievement and one that made the traditional Florentine qualities 1ess central. Because of Home's emphasis crucial to any study of art, the twentieth century has come to appreciate Botticelli's achievements.
Which of the following would be the best title for the text？
A．The Role of Standard Art Analyses and Appraisals
B．Sandro Botticelli：From Rejection to Appreciation
C．The History of Critics’Responses to Art Works
D．Botticelli and Florentine：A Comparative Study
第10题
Skeptics have often argued that a knowledge of history will not provide much help. The American industrialist Henry Ford characterized history as "bunk, "Although the observation probably tells more about the limitations of Ford's mind that about the nature of history, other luminaries(名人) have expressed similar reservations. In the seventeenth century, the French scientist and mathematician Rene Descartes worried that undue curiosity about the past would result in excessive ignorance of the present. Another Frenchman, Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire, a philosopher and historian, described history as "a pack of tricks we play on the dead. " Although he meant the comment as an appeal for history written more accurately, he inadvertently gave support to the cynical claim that historians invariably fall into one of three camps: those who lie, those who are mistaken, and those who simply do not know. Even so powerful a thinker as Georyg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, a nineteeth-century German, feared that the only thing we can learn from history is that no one learns anything from history.
Undoubtedly the writing of history is a perilous (危险的) venture. A common lament among historians is the fact that every day requires them to face up to their incomprehension of the world and their incapacity to interpret their evidence correctly. Surely they should rank among the hum- blest of people. Nevertheless, for many, the sheer joy of the endeavor makes the risk worthwhile. Some even have assigned to themselves important and useful functions. Most historians regard the study of history as a way for human beings to acquire self-knowledge. Edward Gibbon, the great English historian of the Roman Empire, sadly described the historical record as consisting of"the crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind. "Though certainly indicative of a wretched and dismal (阴沉的) state of affairs, his remark also held forth the possibility of escaping such conditions through rational in quiry. Transcendence over the past could come about only through knowledge.
Other historians have invoked (行使) their discipline as a kind of ethical sanction (制栽). Lord Acton, a Victorian Englishman, insisted upon maintaining morality as the sole impartial criterion of men and things. "He called upon historians to act as arbiters, defending the proper standards, out of an expectation that the threat of disapproval in the future might discourage incorrect behavior. in the present. Historians should call malefactors to account for their misdeeds.
Still others presumed the existence of links between the past and the future and suggested that comprehension of what had taken place might prepare for what will come about. How to get ready for the unknown has always posed a great problem. Geople Santayana, a Harvard philosopher, asserted early in the twentieth century that people who forget about the past are condemned to repeat it. This utilitarian (实利主义的) conception saw in the discipline a way of developing workable strategies for survival. History comprised the recollections of all people. Santayana's claim affirmed that things learned from experience could aid in
A．difficulties encountered in writing history of any kind
B．a comparison of varions approaches and attitudes to hisory as a science
C．a summary of functions of writing history
D．the improbability of writing and convinaing and detailed history
