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阅读材料，回答题。 How does Organisms Ward off InvadersThe livelihood of each species in t

阅读材料，回答题。

How does Organisms Ward off Invaders

The livelihood of each species in the vast and intricate assemblage of living things depends on the existence of other organisms．This interdependence is sometimes subtle，some times obvious．Perhaps the most straightforward dependence of one species on another occurs with parasites，organisms that live on or in other living things and derive nutrients directly from them．The parasitic way of life is widespread．A multitude of microorganisms(including viruses and bacteria，and an army of invertebrates or creatures lacking a spinal column(including crustaceans，insects，and many different types of worms)make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures．In the face of this onslaught，living things have evolved a variety of defense mechanisms for protecting their bodies from invasion by other organisms．

Certain fungi and even some kinds of bacteria create substances known as antibiotics into their external environment．These substances are capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of various kinds of bacteria that also occupy the area，thereby eliminating or reducing the competition for nutrients．The same principle is used in defense against invaders in other groups of organisms．For example，when attacked by disease--causing fungi or bacteria，many kinds of plants produce chemicals that help to ward off the invaders．

Members of the animal kingdom have developed a variety of defense mechanisms for dealing with parasites．Although these mechanisms vary considerably，all major groups of animals are capable of detecting and reacting to the presence of“foreign”cells．In fact，throughout the animal kingdom from sponges to certain types of wornls shellfish，and all vertebrates(creatures possessing spinal column)

there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals．

The ability to distinguish between“self”and“non-self”，while present in all animals，is most efficient among vertebrates，which have developed an immune system as their defense mechanism．The immune system recognizes and takes action against foreign invaders and transplanted tissues that are treated as foreign cells．

What does the passage mainly discuss？ 查看材料

A.How parasites reproduce

B.How organisms react to invaders

C.How antibiotics work to cure disease

D.How the immune system of vertebrates developed

答案
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发布时间：2021-08-03
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更多“阅读材料，回答题。 How does Organisms Ward off InvadersThe livelihood of each species in t”相关的问题

第1题

阅读材料，回答题。 How does Science Proceed？How exactly does science work？ How do scientis

阅读材料，回答题。

How does Science Proceed？

How exactly does science work？ How do scientists go about "doing" science？ Ordinarily we think science proceeds in a straightforward way. Ideally, scientists make observations, formulate hypotheses, and test those hypotheses by making further observations. When there is difference between what is observed and what is predicted by the hypothesis, the hypothesis is reviewed. Science proceeds in this way, which is a gradual method of finding the best fit between observation and prediction.

But this idealized version of how one "does" science is naive.Although science demands proof that observations made by one observer be observable by other observers using the same methods.It is by no means clear that even when confronted with identical phenomena different observers will report identical observations.

And it is most certain that, even if the same observations are made, the conclusions as to the meaning of the observations frequently differ.

The fact is that all of us scientists included, see differently. Variations in human perception are well known and have been studied extensively. Distortions in perceptions are frequently seen among observers, even though they may be in identical settings viewing identical phenomena. A documented misperception from history can be found in the experience of Darwin.His ship, Beagle, after anchoring off the Patagonian coast, sent off a landing party in small rowboats. Amazingly, the Patagonian natives watching from shore were blind to the Beagle, but could easily see the tiny rowboats. They have no prior experience of huge sailing ships, but small rowing vessels were an everyday part of their life. Rowboats fit their model of the world but huge ships did not.Their model determined their perceptions.

Our ideas that science proceeds on an utterly objective and straightforward basis ignores the distortions of reality imposed by our own perceptual apparatus. In many cases we see what we have been trained to see, what we are used to seeing. If a subject is fitted with special glasses that are designed to invert the visual field, at first the subject sees everything upside down. After a period of time, as the glasses continue to be worn, a correction is made by our perceptual mechanism and the image is flipped, so that the world once again appears erect.

What is the main idea of the passage？ 查看材料

A.The research methods used by scientists

B.Observation and human perception variation

C.The relation between hypothesis and observation

D.The human perceptual mechanism

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第2题

阅读材料，回答题。 Home Schooling All children in the United States have to receive an ed

阅读材料，回答题。

Home Schooling

All children in the United States have to receive an education, but the law does not say they have to be educated at school. A number of parents prefer not to send their children to school,46There are about 300,000 home-schoolers in the United States today. Some parents prefer teaching their children at home because they do not believe that public schools teach the correct religious values; others believe they can provide a better educational experience for their children by teaching them at home.47David Guterson and his wife teach their three children at home. Guterson says that his children learn very differently from children in school.48For example, when there is heavy snowfall on a winter day, it maystart a discussion or reading about climate, snow removal (去除) equipment, Alaska, polai bears (北极熊) ,and winter tourism.A spring evening when the family is out watching the stars is a good time to ask questions about satellites and the space program49

Home schooling is often more interesting than regular schools, but critics say that home-schooled are outsiders who might be uncomfortable mixing with other people in adult life.50However, most parents don&39;t have the time or the desire to teach their children at home, so schools will continue to be where most children get their formal education.

请在第__（46）__处填上正确答案。 查看材料

A.Interestingly， results show that home-schooled children quite often do better than average on national tests in reading and math.

B.Critics also say that most parents are not well qualified to teach their children.

C.Learning starts with the children"s interests and questions.

D.Children who are educated at home are known as "home-schoolers."

E..In some countries， however， children are educated by their parents.

F.If the Brazilian rain forests are on the TV news.it could be a perfect time to talk about how rain forestsinfluence the climate， and how deserts are formed.

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第3题

阅读材料，回答题。 What Is Globalization ？ It was the anti-globalization movement that rea

阅读材料，回答题。

What Is Globalization ？

It was the anti-globalization movement that really put globalization on the map. As a word it has existed since the 1960s, but the protests against this allegedly new process, which its opponents condemn as a way of ordering people&39;s lives, brought globalization out of the financial and academic worlds and into everyday current affairs.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the business model called the "globalize" financial market came to be seen as an entity that could have more than just an economic impact on the parts of the world it touched.Globalization came to be seen as more than simply a way of doing business, or running financial markets-it became a process. From then on the word took on a life of its own.

So how does the globalize market work？ It is modern communications that make it possible; for the British service sector to deal with its customers through a call centre in India, or for a sportswear (运动服 )manufacturer to design its products in Europe, make them in southeast Asia and sell them in North America.

But this is where the anti-globalization side gets stuck in (关注) .If these practices replace domestic economic life with an economy that is heavily influenced or controlled by overseas, then the creation of a globalize economic model and the process of globalization can also be seen as a surrender of power to the corporations, or a means of keeping poorer nations in their place.

Not everyone agrees that globalization is necessarily evil, or that globalize corporations are running the lives of individuals or are more powerful than nations. Some say that the spread of globalization, free markets and free trade into the developing world is the best way to beat poverty the only problem is that free markets and free trade do not yet truly exist.

Globalization can be seen as a positive, negative or even marginal process. And regardless of whether it works for good or ill, globalization&39;s exact meaning will continue to be the subject of debate among those who oppose, support or simply observe it.

Globalization is a term used only in the financial and academic worlds. 查看材料

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

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第4题

阅读材料，回答题。 Why Would They Falsely Confess？ Why on earth would an innocent person f

阅读材料，回答题。

Why Would They Falsely Confess？

Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime？ To most people, it justdoesn&39;t seem logical. But it is logical, say experts, if you understand what could happen in a police interrogation(审讯) room. Under the right conditions, people&39;s minds are susceptible (易受影响的 ) to influence, and the pressure put on suspects during police grilling (盘问 ) is enormous.

46"The pressure is important to understand because otherwise it&39;s impossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn&39;t do. The answer is to put an end to an uncomfortable situation that will continue until he does confess." Developmental psychologist Allison Redlich recently conducted a laboratory determine how likely people are to confess to things they didn&39;t do.47The researchers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the "alt" key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility.

Redlich&39;s findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely confess: 59 percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed.48Of the 15 to 16-year-olds, 72 percent signed confessions, as did 78 percent of the 12 to 13-year-olds.

"There&39;s no question that young people are more at risk, " says Saul Kassin, Professor at Williams College, who has done similar studies with similar results.49A psychology Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire "interrogation" in their experiments consisted of a simple accusation-not hours of aggressive questioning-and still, most participants falsely confessed.

Because of the stress of a police interrogation, they conclude, suspects can become convinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation.50

请在第__（46）__处填上正确答案。 查看材料

A.In her experiment participants were seated at computers and told not to hit the "Alt" key， because doing so would crash the systems.

B.In some ways，" says Kassin， " false confession becomes a rational decision."

C."It"s a little like somebody"s working on them with a dental （牙齿的 ） drill， " says Franklin Zimring， a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley.

D."But adults are highly vulnerable too."

E.How could an innocent person admit to doing something he didn"t do？

F.Redlich also found that the younger the participant， the more likely a false confession.

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第5题

阅读材料，回答题。 The New Technology ApplicationOn a more mundane level, third-generation

阅读材料，回答题。

The New Technology Application

On a more mundane level, third-generation mobile telephones, despite all the delays and the billions squandered on 3G licenses by telecom firms, are still expected to offer consumers high-speed, always on mobile internet access, complete with video, in the next few years.Rapidly proliferating "WiFi" networks already offer wireless access on a local basis. Tiny tracking chips called radio-frequency identification devices are being used as pet passports.Soon they will be small, powerful and cheap enough to be implanted into everything form. humans to milkcartons recording and transmitting real-time medical data, or serving as a form. of inventory control.Sensors of every kind, including video cameras, should also become much smaller and cheaper.Forrester Research, a technology consultancy, predicts that 14 billion such devices will be connected to the internet by 2005.

How rapidly such new technology is introduced will depend on a number of factors the state of the economy, the supply of investment capital and the appetite of consumers for new products or services ! Fortunes will be made and lost many times over.But whatever happens, the power of computing and communications look set to continue to grow, and its price to fall, at a steady rate for the next few decades.That will make it possible, at least in rich countries, to record most human interactions, wherever and whenever they take place, and to store and analyze this ocean of data at low cost.

For the sake of argument, this survey will assume that we are heading towards a networked society of ubiquitous, mobile Communication capable of constant monitoring.Whether this arrives in 20,30 or 40 years does not really matter.The point is that the destination seems not merely possible, but probable, so it is not too

soon to ask: What do we want this technology to do？

The internet has already thrown up a host of legal and political conundrums, but, these are only a small foretaste of the dilemmas about privacy, security, intellectual property and the nature of government itself that will have to be faced over the coming decades.The debate has already begun. This survey will outline some of main issues, and speculate on the way they are likely to go.

Radio-frequency identification devices__________. 查看材料

A.are being used to offer wireless access

B.are usually used to offer high-speed， mobile internet access

C.are already cheap enough to be used as passports

D.ale expected to be used as a means to control inventory

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第6题

根据下面资料，回答题 Personal Assistant of the Year O Anne-Marie Garrard was shocked when

根据下面资料，回答题

Personal Assistant of the Year

O Anne-Marie Garrard was shocked when it was announced that she had won the

00 Personal Assistant of the Year award. "The other candidates seemed me

34 to be very strong， and I have to say I found that the selection procedure really

35 hard，" she says. "1 didn"t think I had any chance of winning. When I heard my

36 name， my legs were so weak I could only hardly stand up，" she laughs. So

37 how is "the best" personal assistant chosen from a group of so extremely good

38 and very different individuals？ The final decision was reached after a

39 day-long session of the tests， interviews and exercises. Garrard believes

40 the skills she uses in her job helped her how to perform. well. For instance， although

41 most of her work is for her company"s Managing Director， she works for six bosses

42 in all， so she always tries out to be prepared for anything that might happen.

43 As for the future， her firm has closed for its summer break now; as soon as

44 they will open again， there is a pay rise waiting for her. But Garrard is not

45 going to be relax. She says， "There"s always room for personal development. You must keep trying to improve."

34__________

查看材料

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第7题

阅读材料，回答题。Step Back in Time Do you know that we live a lot longer now than the peopl

阅读材料，回答题。

Step Back in Time

Do you know that we live a lot longer now than the people who were born before us？ One hundred years ago the average woman lived to be 45. But now， she can live until at least 80.

One of the main reasons for people living longer is that we know how to look after ourselves better. We know which foods are good for us and what we have to eat to make sure our bodies get all the healthy things they need.We know why we sometimes get ill and what to do to get better again. And we know how important it is to do lots of exercise to keep our hearts beating healthily.

But in order that we don"t slip back into bad habits， let"s have a look at what life was like 100 years ago.

Families had between 15 and 20 children， although many babies didn"t live long.Children suffered from lots of diseases， especially tickets （佝偻病 ） and scurvy （坏血病） ， which are both caused by bad diets. This is because many families were very poor and not able to feed their children well.

Really poor families who lived in crowded cities like London and Manchester often slept standing up，bending over a piece of string， because there was no room for them to lie down.

People didn"t have fridges until the 1920s. They kept fresh food cold by storing it on windowsills （窗台板 ） ， blocks of ice， or even burying it in the garden.

Some children had to start work at the age of seven or eight to earn money for their parents. If you had lived 100 years ago， you might well be selling matchsticks （火柴杆） （a job done by many children ） or working with your dad by now.

16. On average women lived longer than men 100 years ago. 查看材料

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

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第8题

阅读材料，回答题： The Weight Experiment1NieolaWaiters has been taking part in experiments

阅读材料，回答题：

The Weight Experiment

1NieolaWaiters has been taking part in experiments in Scotland to discover why humans gainand lose weight. being locked in asmall room called a" calorimeter" (热量测量室)is one way tofind out. The signs above the two rooms read simply" Chamber One" and" Chamber Two", theseare the calorimeters: 4m by 2m white-walled rooms where human volunteers are locked up in thename of science. Outside these rooms another sign reads," Please do not enter-work in progress"and in front of the morns advanced machinery registers (记录 ) every move the volunteers make.

Each day, meals measured to the last gram are passed through ahole in the wall of the calorimeterto the resident volunteer.

2NieolaWaiters is one of the twenty volunteers who, over the past eight months, have spent va-rying periods inside the calorimeter. Tall and slim, Nicoladoes not have aweight problem, butthought the strict diet might help her with training and fitness program.aself-employed communi-ty dance worker, she was able to fit the experiment in around her work. She saw an advert(广告)for volunteers at her gym and as she is interested in the whole areaof diet and exercise, shethought she would help out.

3The experiment on Nieolainvolved her spending one day on afixed diet at home and the nextin the room. This sequence(次序) was repeated four times over six weeks. She arrived at the calo-rimeter at 8:30 a. m. on each of the four mornings and from then on everything she ate or drankwas carefully measured. Her every move was noted too, her daily exercise routine timed to the lastsecond. At regular intervals, after eating, she filled in forms about how hungry she felt and sam-ples were taken for analysis.

4The scientists helped volunteers impose(g确立) akind of order on the long days they faced inthe room. "The first time, I only took one video and abook. but it was OK, because I watched TVthe rest of the time," says Nicola. And twice aday she used the exercisebike. She pedaled(踩踏板) for half an hour, watched by researchers to make sure she didn&39;t go too fast.

5It seems that some foods encourage you to eat more, while others satisfy you quickly. Volun-teers are already showing that high-fat diets are less likely to make you feel full. believing thatthey may now know what encourages people to overeat, the researchers are about to start testing ahigh-protein weight-loss diet. Volunteers are required and Nicolahas signed up for further ses-sions.

Paragraph 1__________ 查看材料

A.What does the calorimeter look like inside？

B.What program was designed for the experiments？

C.What is acalorimeter？

D.What was the first impression？

E.How did the volunteers kill the time？

F.Why did Nicolaloin in the experiments？

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第9题

根据以下材料，回答题Influence from InternetThere can be no doubt at all that the Intemet ha

根据以下材料，回答题

Influence from Internet

There can be no doubt at all that the Intemet has made a huge difference to our lives. Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Intemet， hardly ___________ （51） doing anything else in their spare time. Naturally， parents are ___________ （52） to find out why the Interact is so attractive， and they want to know if it can be ___________ （53） for their children. Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time ___________ （54） their computers？

Obviously; if children are bent over their computers for hours， ___________ （55） in some game，instead of doing their homework， then something is wrong. Parents and children could decide how much use the child should ___________ （56） of the Intemet and the child should give ___________ （57） to parents that it won"t interfere with homework. If the child is not ___________ （58 ） to this arrangement，the parent can take more drastic ___________ （59） dealing with a child"s use of the Intemet， which is not much ___________ （60） from any other sort of bargain about behaviour.

Any parent who is ___________ （61） alarmed about a child"s behaviour should make an appointment to ___________ （62） the matter with a teacher. Spending time in front of the screen does not ___________ （63） affect a child"s performance at school. Even ifa child is ___________ （64） crazy about using the Intemet， he or she is probably just ___________ （65） through a phase， and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!

回答（51）题 查看材料

A.always

B.rarely

C.never

D.ever

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第10题

回答题Spoilt for ChoiceSome research which was recently carried out in Britain has confirm

回答题

Spoilt for Choice

Some research which was recently carried out in Britain has confirmed what many ordinary shoppers have suspected for quite a long time. Having a _____（51）selection of goods to choose from is not necessarily a _____（52）to consumers. The average supermarket in Britain has around 40，000 different products on sale at any one time and if you"re _____（53）of buying a car， then there are actually around 1，600 different _____（54）on the market.

In one sense， choice is a good thing because it _____（55）use to buy those products which best suit our needs. But choice can also _____（56）something of a problem. With over 400brands of shampoo on the market， how does the consumer _____（57）hold of the information necessary to choose between them？For some people the solution is to buy only well-known brands， whilst others are happy to be _____（58）by advertising. There is evidence， _____（59）， that for some people the _____（60）of choice available to them in Britain"s consumer society is actually a _____（61）of anxiety and stress. One man interviewed by the researchers admitted that he had _____（62）out to buy his girlfriend a mobile phone for her birthday， but was so _____（63）by the number of different types on offer in the shop that he _____（64）up and decided to buy her a bundle（束）of flowers _____（65）!

_____ 查看材料

A.deep

B.wide

C.long

D.tall

点击查看答案
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